Chapter 8
Which of the following occurs prior to prophase? coiling of chromosomes the breakdown of the nucleolus formation of spindles synthesis of DNA the breakdown of the nuclear envelope
Synthesis of DNA
Which of the following does NOT describe a cancer cell? the cell may promote angiogenesis a cell with an abnormal nucleus a cell that lacks differentiation a cell exhibiting uncontrolled cell division a cell regulated by contact inhibition
a cell regulated by contact inhibition
Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell undergoes mitosis and not cytokinesis, this would result in a cell with a single large nucleus. a cell with two nuclei. cells with abnormally small nuclei. feedback responses that prevent mitosis. death of the cell line.
a cell with 2 nuclei
An oncogene is more likely to lead to cancer than a proto-oncogene because an oncogene is more likely to accelerate the cell cycle. an oncogene is more likely to suppress the cell cycle. the mutant oncogene may inactivate telomerase. oncogenes reverse the function of a proto-oncogene. oncogenes only arise in embryonic stem cells while proto-oncogenes only arise in adult stem cells.
an oncogene is more likely to accelerate the cell cycle
During which phase of mitosis are the sister chromatids separated and consequently become daughter chromosomes? anaphase interphase metaphase prophase telophase
anaphase
The term metastasis refers to the fact that cancer cells tend to destroy. divide. decline. shrink. spread.
spread
Cancer occurs when cells are unable to divide because of a mutation. faulty spindle fibers are unable to pull chromatids apart. apoptosis occurs. the DNA of a cell becomes mutated. the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs.
the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs
When a portion of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome, this is called a(n) translocation. inversion. duplication. suppressor event. jumping gene.
translocation
If a cell has 46 chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis, then at the end of anaphase there would be a total of 23 chromatids. 23 chromosomes. 46 chromatids. 46 chromosomes. 92 chromosomes.
92 chromosomes
Which cancer therapy can lead to side effects such as nausea and hair loss? chemotherapy surgery hormonal therapy drug therapy exercise
chemotherapy
In an experiment, cells grown in a petri dish divided until they formed a thin single layer. When cells were removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space began dividing until they had filled the empty space. This type of regulation is called contact inhibition. kinase-dependent regulation. cyclin-dependent regulation. apoptosis. necrosis.
contact inhibition
What structure is formed by two sister chromatids being held together by a centromere? duplicated chromosome chromatin histones nucleosome DNA
duplicated chromosome
If you were looking under the compound light microscope at an onion root tip, in what stage of the cell cycle would the majority of the cells be? anaphase metaphase cytokinesis interphase prophase
interphase
The figure below shows a cell in which stage of the cell cycle? anaphase interphase metaphase prophase telophase
interphase
The figure below shows a cell in the mitotic stage of anaphase. interphase. metaphase. prophase. telophase.
metaphase
If tumor cells have a faulty, non-functional proteinase, they will be unable to undergo which of the following processes? mitosis mutations metastasis apoptosis angiogenesis
metastasis
The mitotic spindle is composed of________, which originate from the________. microtubules; centrosome asters; spindle equator centrosomes; aster microtubules; chromatid microtubules; cleavage furrow
microtubules; centrosome
Cells that do not receive the correct signals to move from G1 into S phase will enter G0 and therefore will immediately move into the mitotic phase. never be able to undergo mitosis. be able to produce gametes through meiosis. stay in an undifferentiated state and become stem cells. not undergo mitotic division unless it later receives the go-ahead signal.
not undergo mitotic division unless it later receives the go ahead signal
Chromatin wrapped around histones form a bead-like structure known as a nucleotide. nucleic acid. centrosome. nucleosome. mesosome.
nucleosome
Anushka was examining a cell under the microscope and she noticed the formation of a cell plate in the midline of the cell and the formation of nuclei at opposite poles of the cell. The cell under examination was most likely a(n) animal cell in the M phase of the cell cycle. dividing bacterial cell. plant cell undergoing cytokinesis. animal cell undergoing cytokinesis. plant cell in the anaphase stage.
plant cell undergoing cytokinesis
Plant cells and animal cells differ in cytokinesis because plant cells need to build a cell wall, while animal cells do not. animal cells need to build a cell wall, while plant cells do not. animal cells need to build a cell membrane, while plant cells do not. animal cells are living, while plant cells are not. plant cells divide by mitosis, while animal cells divide by meiosis.
plant cells need to build a cell wall, while animal cells do not
Some of the drugs used in chemotherapy work by increasing telomeres. preventing spindle formation. producing kinases. inhibiting cytokinesis. causing cells to divide quickly.
preventing spindle formation
Unicellular organisms undergo mitotic division to repair damaged cells. increase the size of the organism. produce new organisms. increase the genetic variability of the population. produce gametes.
produce new organisms
Telomeres function to promote chromosomal stability. promote the development of mutations in the DNA. promote the process of translocations in the chromosomes. inhibit the cell cycle when the DNA is damaged. predispose a person to thyroid cancer.
promote chromosomal stability
The figure below shows a cell in the mitotic stage of anaphase. interphase. metaphase. prophase. telophase.
prophase
Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis metaphase, interphase, cytokinesis, anaphase, telophase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their size. spindle fibers. rate of cell division. surface area. volume.
rate of cell division
If a solid tumor is discovered at an early stage, which treatment method is most often used? surgery radiation chemotherapy hormonal therapy drug therapy
surgery
During which stage of the cell cycle does the spindle disappear? interphase: S interphase: G1 interphase: G2 prophase telophase
telophase
Nuclear division occurs during M phase. G1 and S phases. S and G2 phases. G2 and M phases. G0 phase.
M phase
True or false: Mitosis can occur without a nucleus
false, You have to have a nucleus to undergo Mitosis
A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 10 picograms of DNA in the nucleus during G1. Those cells would have________ picograms at the end of the S phase and________ picograms at the end of G2. 10; 10 10; 20 20; 10 20; 20 10; 5
20:20
If there are 20 centromeres in a cell, how many sister chromatids are there? 10 20 30 40 80
40
Losing weight can reduce an obese person's risk for cancer by up to 40%. 25%. 100%. 75%. Losing weight has no effect on cancer risk.
40%
Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. Which of the following statements explains why this occurs? The cells become deficient in cyclin. The petri dish inhibits the amount of times the cells can divide. Cell division can be inhibited by the proximity of other cells. Most cells grown in petri dishes have gone through apoptosis. The cells have differentiated into more specialized cells.
Cell division can be inhibited by the proximity of other cells
If a cell is inhibited during the S phase of its cycle, it will not reproduce due to lack of ATP availability. centriole migration. centromere formation. DNA synthesis. plasma membrane structure.
DNA synthesis
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible under a microscope? during G1, S and G2 only during S phase during M phase only during the G1 phase only during the G2 phase
During M phase
Which of the following is mismatched? interphase - longest stage of the cell cycle S stage - DNA synthesis M stage - mitosis and cytokinesis G1 stage - cell grows in size and cell organelles increase in number G2 stage - mitosis begins
G2 stage- mitosis begins
Differentiated cells, such as nerve cells, would be in which of the following stages of the cell cycle? G1 G0 G2 M
G0
Which of the following organelles would be abundant and in close proximity to the cell plate in a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis? centrioles Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes central vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the events of the cell cycle? DNA is duplicated during the G1 and G2 phases. DNA replicates during cytokinesis. The M phase is usually the longest phase of the cell cycle. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2. The cell enters a non-dividing state in the G2 phase.
Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2
Pevita has a tumor in her ovaries. She recently underwent a series of tests and is returning to the doctor to find out the results. Which of the following would be the best news that Pevita could receive from her doctor? It is a benign tumor. She has stage 3 cancer. It is malignant ovarian cancer. The tumor has metastasized and invaded neighboring tissue.
It is a benign tumor
Pevita has a tumor in her ovaries. She recently underwent a series of tests and is returning to the doctor to find out the results. Which of the following would be the best news that Pevitacould receive from her doctor? It is a benign tumor. She has stage 3 cancer. It is malignant ovarian cancer. The tumor has metastasized and invaded neighboring tissue.
It is a benign tumor
The drug chloral hydrate prevents elongation of microtubules. During which stage of the cell cycle would chloral hydrate be most harmful? M phase G1 G2 S phase cytokinesis
M phase
Inheritance of mutant forms of some genes may lead to a predisposition to develop cancer. Which of the genes listed below takes its name from its association with an eye tumor? BRCA1 RB RET RAS DScam
RB
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? G1 phase - DNA replication G2 phase - cytoplasm divides S phase - DNA replication M phase - cell growth G0 phase - chromosomes line up at the spindle equator
S Phase- DNA replication
Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about mitosis? Metaphase occurs after prophase. The process of nuclear division is followed by cytokinesis. Spindle fibers are involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. Both sexually and asexually reproducing organisms utilize the process of mitosis. The cells arising from mitosis contain only half of the necessary genetic material.
The cells arising from mitosis contain only half of the necessary genetic material
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare to their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle? The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA.
The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA
Why might a cell be prevented from proceeding through the G1 checkpoint? There is DNA damage. The DNA has not finished replicating. The chromosomes are not aligned properly. The cell is cancerous. The chromosomes are not properly attached to the spindle.
There is DNA damage
Which of the following would increase your risk of cancer? increasing the consumption of foods rich in vitamin A and C avoiding salt-cured, pickled, and smoked foods increasing the consumption of vegetables from the cabbage family avoiding cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco, and sunbathing avoiding a high-fiber, low-sodium diet
avoiding a high fiber, low sodium diet
Telomerase normally functions in all adult body cells. only embryonic stem cells. both embryonic and adult stem cells. both embryonic stem cells and all adult body cells. only cancerous cells.
both embryonic and adult stem cells
Apoptosis is a process that repairs damaged DNA. occurs as telomeres increase in length. can be used to remove damaged or malfunctioning cells. increases the number of somatic cells. increases the number of gamete cells.
can be used to remove damaged or malfunctioning cells
Translocations can lead to cancer if they disrupt the genes that regulate the cell cycle. are a way for a cell to prevent cancer. always lead to cancer. activate telomerase which in turn activates tumor suppressor genes. are the main cause of breast cancer.
can lead to cancer if they disrupt the genes that regulate the cell cycle
An enzyme that promotes apoptosis is generally known as a(n) telomerase. apoptosase. caspase. polymerase. lipase.
caspase
What is the structure that holds together the two sister chromatids that form a chromosome? centromere nucleosome histone nucleus chromatin
centromere
What structure holds two sister chromatids together? centromere centriole chromatin spindle centrosome
centromere
A translocation may lead to cancer if it disrupts control of expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle. deletes the telomere of the chromosome. moves genes from one chromosome to another. activates tumor suppressor genes. affects both tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes.
disrupts control of expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle
A mutation that causes an increase in function in a tumor suppressor gene would not likely cause cancer because a tumor suppressor protein normally promotes the cell cycle. normally responds to growth factors. activates a signal transduction pathway. inactivates growth factors. does not promote cell division.
does not promote cell division
The presence of which protein is required in order for chromatin to compact correctly within the nucleus? histone nucleosome actin keratin myosin
histone
Multicellular organisms undergo mitotic cell division to produce new organisms. produce gametes. increase the variability of the population. increase the size of the organism. facilitate sexual reproduction.
increase the size of the organism
A centromere holds together two centrosomes. centrioles. sister chromatids. spindle fibers. non-sister chromatids.
sister chromatids
Which lifestyle choice is responsible for 90% of the cases of lung cancer among men? smoking using tanning beds excessive alcohol consumption drug use using smokeless tobacco
smoking
A proto-oncogene differs from a tumor suppressor gene because a proto-oncogene may cause cancer if mutated, whereas a tumor suppressor gene cannot. stimulates cell division in a normal cell, whereas a tumor suppressor gene inhibits cell division. only activates enzymes in a cell that allows metastasis. inhibits cell division, whereas a tumor suppressor accelerates cell division. promotes cell division in cells lining the digestive tract, whereas a tumor suppressor gene promotes cell division in skin cells.
stimulates cell division in a normal cell, whereas a tumor suppressor gene inhibits cell division
Proto-oncogenes function by preventing cells from dividing uncontrollably. stimulating the cell cycle when appropriate signals and growth factors are present. stimulating the cell cycle even when growth factors are absent. increasing the activity of telomerase which in turn lengthens chromosomal telomeres. pausing the cell cycle and returning the cell to G0 so that any DNA damage can be repaired.
stimulating the cell cycle when appropriate signals and growth factors are present
Denzel was looking at onion root tip cells under the microscope in biology class. He saw one cell that had two nuclei within it. What stage of the cell cycle was this cell in? anaphase interphase metaphase prophase telophase/cytokinesis
telophase/cytokinesis
The G2 checkpoint prevents the cell cycle from continuing until it is known for sure if the cell will divide. the DNA has finished replicating. the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. all the organelles have been duplicated. the centrosomes have duplicated.
the DNA has finished replicating
A positive genetic test for telomerase in an adult somatic body cell, such as a fibroblast, may indicate that RB is inactive. the cell is undergoing apoptosis. proto-oncogenes have not yet mutated. the cell is cancerous. tumor suppressor genes are active.
the cell is cancerous
A tumor suppressor gene undergoes a mutation that causes it to lose its normal function. What would be the most likely result of this mutation? The cell cycle halts and reverses back to the G0 stage. The cell loses contact inhibition even when it is not surrounded by other cells. The cell cycle stops at the M checkpoint. The cell no longer responds to signals that cause it to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis. Telomerase activity increases the telomeres shorten.
the cell no longer responds to signals that cause it to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis
A mutation results in a cell that no longer produces a normal protein needed for the M-phase checkpoint. Which of the following would likely be the immediate result of this mutation? the cell would prematurely enter anaphase the cell would never leave metaphase the cell would never enter metaphase the cell would never enter prophase the cell would undergo normal mitosis, but fail to enter the next G1
the cell would never leave metaphase
If the production of cyclins halted during the cell cycle the cell would continue to divide indefinitely. organelles would not be duplicated in G1. the cell would not complete cytokinesis. the cell would enter the G0 phase. the cell would not proceed to the next phase of the cell cycle.
the cell would not proceed to the next phase of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis in plants occurs as________ and in animals as________. actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch; the Golgi apparatus produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall the Golgi apparatus produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall; actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch the centrosome produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall; the Golgi apparatus produces actin fibers to pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch actin fibers interact to make the cell wall; the cleavage furrow pulls the membrane inward until the two sides touch the Golgi apparatus produces a cleavage furrow; actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch
the golgi apparatus produces membrane bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall; actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch
Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells? does not stimulate the growth of blood vessels stays localized and does not travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body does not have abnormal chromosomes produced by a gain of function mutation in a tumor suppressing gene the nucleus is abnormally shaped.
the nucleus is abnormally shaped
