Chapter 8 Anatomy
What is the role of bile?
It breaks down large fat droplets into smaller droplets. - The Gallbladder & Liver: Function & Role in Digestion
Which of the following is FALSE concerning the mucosa?
It controls the passage of food out of the stomach. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach and Autonomic Nervous System Controls
Which of the following is a function of fiber?
It helps move food through the digestive tract. - Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates: Definition & Process
Which of the following structures can be formed when amino acids combine into specialized proteins in your body?
Enzymes, hormones, and collagen - Protein Digestion and Absorption Process
Salivary amylase is active in which of the following parts of the digestive system?
Mouth - Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products
All of the following statements about the digestion of fats are true, EXCEPT:
Fats are reassembled in the muscular cells of the stomach. - Lipids Digestion and Absorption
Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic nervous system function?
Food entering the pharynx. - Anatomy of the Throat and Esophagus
Pancreatic lipase breaks fats down into which two digestive products?
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides - Lipids Digestion and Absorption
Which structures secrete mucus?
Goblet Cells - Rectum, Functions of the Large Intestine & Water Absorption
What is the name given to the multiple pouches in the outer wall of the colon?
Haustra- Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Intestine
Where does the second hydrogen on the amine group on the first protein residue to leave chymotrypsin come from?
Histidine - Chymotrypsin: Definition, Structure & Mechanism
What is needed to convert inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin?
Hydrochloric Acid - Physiology of the Stomach and Gastric Juices
Which of the following terms describes the breakdown of a chemical compound using a water molecule?
Hydrolysis- Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates: Definition & Process
Which section of the small intestine provides the best place for absorption of vitamin B12?
Ileum - What is the Small Intestine? - Anatomy and Functions
The pyloric sphincter controls the flow of chyme as it passes out of the stomach and into the small intestine. Which of the following is a possible effect of a malfunctioning pyloric sphincter?
Inadequate nutrient digestion and absorption because the small intestine doesn't have enough time to digest food - Movement Through the Small Intestine: Peristalsis, Segmentation & Pendular Movement
What amino acids are in the active site of trypsin?
Serine, histidine, and aspartic acid - Trypsin: Definition, Function & Mechanism of Action
Which type of cell lines the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelial cells. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach and Autonomic Nervous System Controls
What amino acids does trypsin select for?
Arginine and lysine - Trypsin: Definition, Function & Mechanism of Action
What types of amino acids does chymotrypsin selectively cleave?
Aromatic - Chymotrypsin: Definition, Structure & Mechanism
What amino acid residues does chymotrypsin selectively cleave?
Aromatic - Chymotrypsin: Uses & Functions
Which enzymes are found in the microvilli of the small intestine?
Brush Border Enzymes - Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products
Which of the following best defines bile salts?
A fat emulsifier - Lipids Digestion and Absorption
If a person decides to defecate, then what is the last structure the waste materials will pass through?
Anal canal - Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Intestine
What is the proper order of the four segments of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid - Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Intestine
What amino acid in the trypsin structure allow it to select for its specific amino acids?
Aspartic acid - Trypsin: Definition, Function & Mechanism of Action
What amino acid residue is most important in determining the specificity of trypsin?
Aspartic acid 189 - The Difference Between Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
If a person does not produce sufficient amounts of saliva they could be at higher risks of which condition?
Bacterial Infection - Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth
Why is the appendix considered a potential trouble spot in the intestine?
Because bacteria can gather in it due to its long-slender shape, which might lead to inflammation, and spilling infectious material into the abdominal cavity. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Intestine
When you put a bite of food in your mouth, why is there an increase in secretions from the gastric glands?
Because the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach and Autonomic Nervous System Controls
Which of the following secretions helps neutralize acidic chyme coming from the stomach?
Bicarbonate. - What Is the Pancreas? - Function, Enzymes & Role in Digestion
On what end does chymotrypsin cleave the protein?
Carbon terminal - Chymotrypsin: Uses & Functions
Which of the following medical uses of chymotrypsin is backed by research?
Cataract surgery - Chymotrypsin: Uses & Functions
Which of the following is a large pouch that forms the beginning of the large intestine?
Cecum- Anatomy and Physiology of the Large Intestine
Which cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen?
Chief Cells - Physiology of the Stomach and Gastric Juices
Indicate where on this molecule chymotrypsin will cleave the protein?
Chymotrypsin cleaves the protein at the amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, on the c-terminal, the carbon side of the protein. - The Difference Between Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
What is the inactive form of chymotrypsin?
Chymotrypsinogen - Chymotrypsin: Uses & Functions
Which of the following structures create a turbulent flow through the small intestine?
Circular Folds - Small Intestine: Nutrient Absorption and Role In Digestion
Which of the following statements is correct?
Constipation occurs when too much water is absorbed in the large intestines. - Rectum, Functions of the Large Intestine & Water Absorption
What is the job of the anal sphincters?
Control the passage of feces out of the anus. - Rectum, Functions of the Large Intestine & Water Absorption
What is the order a food mass follows through the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum - What is the Small Intestine? - Anatomy and Functions
What is the name of the mechanism that inhibits gastric motility and the secretion of gastric acid?
Enterogastric reflex - Movement Through the Small Intestine: Peristalsis, Segmentation & Pendular Movement
Which of the following best describes the pancreas?
It is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. - What Is the Pancreas? - Function, Enzymes & Role in Digestion
What is the role of Cholecystokinin?
It stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. - The Gallbladder & Liver: Function & Role in Digestion
Which of the following is true about the gallbladder?
It stores and concentrates bile. - The Gallbladder & Liver: Function & Role in Digestion
Which of the following structures are lymphatic capillaries that absorb dietary fats?
Lacteals - Small Intestine: Nutrient Absorption and Role In Digestion
What is the main form of food propulsion through the large intestine?
Mass movements - Rectum, Functions of the Large Intestine & Water Absorption
What is the name given to the small hair-like projections on the simple columnar epithelial cells lining the small intestine?
Microvilli - Small Intestine: Nutrient Absorption and Role In Digestion
The small intestine can most easily absorb which of the following?
Monosaccharides - Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products
Which of the following is the basic building block of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides - Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates: Definition & Process
Which of the following enzymes does NOT play a role in protein digestion?
NOT Brush border enzymes - Protein Digestion and Absorption Process
What assists with the mechanical digestion of food inside the stomach?
NOT Hydrochloric Acid - Physiology of the Stomach and Gastric Juices
Which of the following is the BEST example of a polysaccharide?
NOT Lactose, which is composed of one glucose unit and one galactose unit. - Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates: Definition & Process
Which of the following is the proper order of structures that food must pass through on its way to the stomach?
NOT Mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach - Anatomy of the Throat and Esophagus
Which movement within the small intestine is described as the contraction of circular smooth muscles that constrict the intestines into segments?
NOT Peristalsis - Movement Through the Small Intestine: Peristalsis, Segmentation & Pendular Movement
Which three amino acids makes up chymotrypsin's active site?
NOT Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan - Chymotrypsin: Definition, Structure & Mechanism
What organ makes the precursor for chymotrypsin?
NOT Stomach - Chymotrypsin: Uses & Functions
How does saliva help you to taste your food?
NOT The enzymes in saliva add a sweet taste to foods. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth
Which half of the protein is released first in trypsin?
NOT The half with the amino acid that was specifically chosen for trypsin to act upon The half without the basic amino acids is released first, since trypsin acts on the c-terminal end of the protein then the half that was released needs to be the nitrogen-terminal half. - Trypsin: Definition, Function & Mechanism of Action
Carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine by which of the following?
Pancreatic Amylase - Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products
Which enzyme breaks down starch?
Pancreatic amylase. - What Is the Pancreas? - Function, Enzymes & Role in Digestion
Which term describes movement within the small intestine caused by contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal muscles?
Pendular movement - Movement Through the Small Intestine: Peristalsis, Segmentation & Pendular Movement
Which of the following details the correct order in which proteins are digested?
Pepsin breaks down peptide bonds in the stomach, then the pancreatic enzymes complete the digestion in the intestines. - Protein Digestion and Absorption Process
How does food move through the esophagus?
Peristalsis, a series of wavelike muscular contractions - Anatomy of the Throat and Esophagus
What propels food through the small intestine?
Peristalsis- Movement Through the Small Intestine: Peristalsis, Segmentation & Pendular Movement
How are lymphatic tissues an integral part of the ileum?
Peyer's Patches prevent bacteria from entering the bloodstream. - What is the Small Intestine? - Anatomy and Functions
Which of the following DOES NOT help improve absorption within the small intestine?
Rugae - Small Intestine: Nutrient Absorption and Role In Digestion
When the stomach is empty it folds in on itself, creating which feature?
Rugae - Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach and Autonomic Nervous System Controls
How does saliva differ from water?
Saliva contains enzymes. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth
Which nutrients are NOT broken down by enzymes found in pancreatic juice?
Salts - What Is the Pancreas? - Function, Enzymes & Role in Digestion
Which of the following substances will stimulate the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to release bicarbonate?
Secretin- The Gallbladder & Liver: Function & Role in Digestion
Proteins are made of _____ linked by _____.
amino acids, peptide bonds - Protein Digestion and Absorption Process
Which of the following statements best describes the Alimentary Canal?
The Alimentary Canal is the long tube through which food passes and wastes are eliminated. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth
Why is the duodenum important in the small intestine?
The duodenum receives most of the digestive juices that breakdown food into nutrients. - What is the Small Intestine? - Anatomy and Functions
If enzymes are created in the pancreas, where will they end up right after they leave the pancreas?
The duodenum. - What Is the Pancreas? - Function, Enzymes & Role in Digestion
What aspect of the structure of chymotrypsin allows it to select specific amino acids?
The hydrophobic pocket - Chymotrypsin: Definition, Structure & Mechanism
What is responsible for the specificity of chymotrypsin?
The loops in the secondary structure at residues 185-188 and 221-224 - The Difference Between Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
Which structure must open for food to pass from the esophagus to the stomach?
The lower esophageal sphincter - Anatomy of the Throat and Esophagus
Which of the following describes the relationship between the villi and the microvilli?
The microvilli are like hairs on the villi. - Small Intestine: Nutrient Absorption and Role In Digestion
Cindy has been diagnosed with peptic ulcers that require treatment. What has occurred within her stomach to lead to this condition?
The protective mucus coating of the stomach has failed. - Physiology of the Stomach and Gastric Juices
Which structure controls the passage of food out of the stomach?
The pyloric sphincter. - Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach and Autonomic Nervous System Controls
What can occur when the bacteria within the large intestine metabolize some of the remaining nutrients?
The release of odorous gases. - Rectum, Functions of the Large Intestine & Water Absorption
Where does fat digestion take place?
The small intestine - Lipids Digestion and Absorption
How does the soft palate play an important role in the function of the pharynx?
The soft palate prevents food that is being swallowed from entering the nasopharynx. - Anatomy of the Throat and Esophagus
What is the role of the tongue in mechanical digestion?
The tongue mixes the chewed food with saliva.- Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth
How are the Parietal cells within the stomach involved in the digestive process?
They produce hydrochloric acid to create the environment within the stomach for converting pepsinogen into pepsin. - Physiology of the Stomach and Gastric Juices
Which of the following is the primary function of dietary carbohydrates?
They supply the body with energy - Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products
Indicate where on this molecule trypsin will cleave the protein?
Trypsin cleaves at the c-terminal (the carbon side, see the label HOOC) of lysine and arginine. - The Difference Between Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
When considering the four steps of how trypsin works, where does the final OH on the carboxyl group of the released protein come from?
Water - Trypsin: Definition, Function & Mechanism of Action
In the newly cleaved protein that is released second where does the OH on the carboxylic acid come from?
Water- Chymotrypsin: Definition, Structure & Mechanism
What is the most important difference between chymotrypsin and trypsin?
Which amino acids they select for - The Difference Between Trypsin & Chymotrypsin
What could result if the common bile duct is blocked?
You could experience jaundice. - The Gallbladder & Liver: Function & Role in Digestion
What would result if a disaccharide went through hydrolysis?
You would get two monosaccharides. - Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates: Definition & Process
Nutrient-rich blood goes from the digestive system to the liver through the _____, then the liver is drained by the _____.
hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein - Protein Digestion and Absorption Process
The _____ is an important part of digestion because it _____ material from flowing back into the small intestine.
ileocecal valve; prevents - What is the Small Intestine? - Anatomy and Functions
After digestion, fats enter lymphatic capillaries known as _____.
lacteals - Lipids Digestion and Absorption