Chapter 8: Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes 1750-1900

How did the organization of the colonies affect the later establishment of the United States?

The organization of colonies would effect the origination of the state because sections of the states would be very similar set up toe the colonies

What was a societal changes that resulted from the French Revolution?

There was a reversal a reversal of class roles in the French society

What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political identity in the nineteenth century?

Unlike in America where slavery had long been practiced and elaborated regularly in the Islamic world the freeing of slaves, the freeing of slaves, though not required, was strongly recommended due to ideals of freedom in the Quran.

What social classes were most prominent in the suffrage movement? What evidence can you find regarding the social status of these protestors?

Upper class women were most prominent in the Suffrage Movement

What did the end of the slavery lead to in the carribian?

reemergence of indentured servitude in the Caribbean sugar plantations

What were some examples of nineteenth-century feminism as a transatlantic movement?

100,000 women in France took part in feminist organizations and the National American Women Suffrage Association claimed 2 million members

What are some examples of political, social, and technological revolutions in the era of 1750-ca. 1900?

- The American Revolution - The French Revolution - The Haitian Revolution - The Latin American Revolution - The Abolition of Slavery - The Great Jamaican Revolution - The Women's Rights Movement

How were the American patriots viewed in England?

Many loyalists viewed the patriots as a potential threat of violence to them

What destabilized European hegemony?

three decades of political conflict in Europe during the first part of the nineteenth century

What are some recurring factors in the decline of empires throughout history?

government mismanagement and angry lower classes

Compare the North American, French, Haitian, and Spanish American revolutions. What are the most significant similarities and differences?

All of the Revolutions were caused by popular discontent within the people, tried to use enlightened as thought to justify revolution, tried to use the power of the masses to succeed (tried to convince peasants), formed assemblies to try to strengthen and organize cause, copied other revolutions as a basis on what to do (ex. French sometimes tried to copy the American revolution).

What was the role of Simón Bolívar in leading Latin American revolutions

Bolívar himself led multiple expeditionary forces against the Spaniards, and he successfully helped liberate a few territories in Latin America.

In what ways were the French and Haitian revolutions similar in their use of terror? What accounts for the relative levels of violence in each?

Both has major levels of the use of terror with many people dying. The overthrowing of the French elite accounts for the French Revolution and the overthrowing of the French who were ruling the Haitians accounts for the Haitian Revolution.

How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? How were the two revolutions similar?

Both involved a want for change from being ruled by an absolute ruler, both involved economic instability from war debt, both involved social inequality. Also, both started because of enlightenment ideas. The major difference between the two revolutions is that the American revolution didn't have the a huge reign of terror like the French Revolution did.

How did the rise of nationalism contribute to the look of a European political map in the 19th century

By the end of the nineteenth century, the national principle had substantially reshaped the map of Europe, especially on in the unification of Germany and Italy. However several major empires remained, each with numerous subject peoples who likewise sought national independence.

How would the mass executions of the Terror have impacted the way that people outside of France interpreted the French Revolution?

The mass executions might have started to help realize that violence was starting to be less needed to accomplish the goals of the revolution.

What explains Voltaire asking, "My dear philosopher, doesn't this appear to you to be the century of revolutions?"

Dear the time period that Voltaire said that many parts of the world experienced political and social upheaval

How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves?

Economic lives of former slaves did not improve dramatically, outside of Haiti freed slaves did not achieve anything close to political equality, and a lot of former slaves were legally free

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions?

Enlightment ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, provided the intellectual underpinnings of the Atlantic revolutions.

How were images used to promote nationalism?

Images used to promote the strength of nations and the members of certain nations.

What were the most important short-term and long-term outcomes of the Atlantic revolutions?

In the short term due to the new connections among societies that had came from the columbian voyages and European conquests many empires had revolutions had revolutions that came from inspiration from other empires revolutions. In the long term there was new found nationalism in countries across the world that came from the revolutions.

Describe the effects of the Haitian Revolution on the United States, Latin America, the Caribbean, and France

It scared many white people in the northern hemisphere about future revolutions, it caused Napoleon to decide to sell part of France to Americans due to his defeat in Haiti, it also caused an increase in sugar production in Cuban plantation as Haiti's declined, and many Jamaican slaves composed songs in the events honor.

What was distinctive about the Haitian Revolution when compared to other revolutionary movements in the Atlantic and elsewhere in world history?

Its most distinctive feature in both world history and the history of Atlantic revolutions was that it was the only completely successful slave revolt, it slowed revolutionary movements in Latin America, and it was truly radical in that it either executed or forced the ruling elites to flee.

Compare the social conditions for former slaves and former serfs in the United States and in Russia in the latter half of the nineteenth century

Many former slaves and serfs stayed impoverished and remained in poverty

What are some ways that nationalism was promoted by political and cultural leaders

Many growing leaders articulating idea of their particular nations

How did Louis XVI's desire to keep France solvent contribute to the French Revolution?

Many peasant were very angry about high taxes, due from their landlords, dues from the state, and unpaid labor on the road lead to many peasant wanting to have overthrown the current elite in France.

How did slave resistance, such as the Great Jamaica Revolt, impact the representation of slaves in abolitionist imagery?

Many slaves started to be more old viewed as resisting instead do kneeling, praying, or pleeding

How did the end of slavery transform the lives of the former slaves?

Many slaves were released into areas like Freetown to live their lives in a way that they hadn't before

Compare the outcomes of the American Revolution with those of later Latin American revolutions.

The American Revolution brought independence for the people and long term economic success. However, for many countries liberated in the Latin American countries liberated they experience poverty and instability due to poor governance after the revolutions.

In what ways did the American Revolution transform American society, and in what ways did it not?

The American Revolution inspired the revolutions of many groups and political change but British government continued to have internal conflict and wars.

Connect the American Revolution to broader aspects of global politics

The American Revolution was very similar to the many revolutions that have gone on in many countries that are fights for independence and democracy.

How did the rise of Napoleon facilitate the spread of Enlightenment ideals across the European continent?

The French revolution spawned a French empire, under Napoleon's leadership, that encompasses most of Europe and served to spread the principles of the revolution.

What was the political and social power of the creole elites in Latin American history

The Spanish Creole Elites would exercise great power over their colonies and would subject them to higher taxes and tariffs.

What is considered greatest political and social achievements of the 19th century?

The abolition of slavery in the Atlantic world

What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth-century feminism?

The admission of small numbers of women to universities and growing literacy rates among women overall, professions such as medicine opened to a few women, while teaching beckoned to many more, the movement prompted an unprecedented discussion about the role of women in modern society, as far as limitations, aside from New Zealand, women failed to secure the right to vote in the nineteenth century, nowhere did nineteenth-century feminism have really revolutionary consequences.

How were the Spanish American revolutions shaped by the American, French, and Haitian revolutions?

The extensive violence of the Haitian and French revolutions was a lesson to Latin American elites the political change could easily get out of hand and was fraught with danger to themselves.

What caused the French Revolution to become much more radical than the American Revolution?

While the American Revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within French society.

In what ways did the spread of Enlightenment philosophy affect independence movements in Latin America?

With the exception of Haiti, Latin American Revolutions brought independence to new states but offered little social change or political opportunity for the vast majority of people.