Chapter 8 Biology 1000

Which tissues' cells have the greatest number of mitochondria?

Skeletal muscle

When is fermentation more advantageous than aerobic respiration?

When a quick burst of energy is needed and oxygen is in limited supply

The energy harvested from glycolysis comes from

a coupled reaction that passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP.

True or false: Oxygen is required during aerobic respiration for the electron transport chain to remain functioning.

True

Which of the following are possible outputs of fermentation?

lactate alcohol CO2

The preparatory reaction, which converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, occurs in the _____.

matrix of the mitochondria

The electron transport chain

occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria; carries electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, releasing energy

The prep reaction

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria; occurs twice per glucose molecule

The citric acid cycle

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria; produces 1 ATP per turn

Glycolysis

occurs outside the mitochondria with or without oxygen present

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is _______.

oxygen

When glycolysis begins, 2 ATP are used to activate glucose through the addition of phosphate

phosphate

The equation: energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - represents:

photosynthesis

The role that mitochondria play in the cell is that of a ______.

powerhouse

In the electron transport chain, the electron carriers__________

pump hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space. accept electrons, passing them through a series of redox reactions.

During the prep reaction, _____ is converted into acetyl-CoA

pyruvate

During the preparatory reaction of cellular respiration, a 3-carbon molecule called_____is converted into acetyl-CoA.

pyruvate

The 3-carbon end product of glycolysis is ______.

pyruvate

The glycerol that results from the digestion of fats will be converted into _____ during energy production.

pyruvate

When fat is used as an energy source, fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters what phase of cellular respiration?

the citric acid cycle

The flow of H+ from the intermembrane space into the matrix will cause

the synthesis of ATP

True or false: There is a net gain of 2 ATP during glycolysis.

true

True or false: Mitochondria creates energy when it converts a carbohydrate into ATP.

False

Match each molecule to its description during the process of glycolysis.

1. glucose - broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules 2. pyruvate - 3-carbon molecule; two are produced from each glucose molecule broken down 3. NADH - formed from the oxidation of glucose 4. 4ATP - produced as a result of the oxidation of glucose 5. 2ATP - used during the process

Select the characteristics of fermentation that distinguish it from aerobic respiration.

1. produces a limited amount of ATP 2. results in the formation of lactate in animal cells 3. does not require oxygen

Select the inputs of fermentation.

2 ADP glucose 2 phosphate groups

Glycolysis will directly produce________ATP.

2 ATP

Select the outputs of the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule.

2 ATP 6 NADH 4 CO2 2 FADH2

What is the net ATP production from one molecule of glucose undergoing substrate level phosphorylation during cellular respiration?

4

The net ATP production during substrate-level ATP synthesis during cellular respiration is__________.

4 ATP

The electron transport chain produces 32-34 molecules of ______.

ATP

Select all of the products produced during the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration.

ATP NADH FADH2 CO2

Select the products of glycolysis.

ATP NADH pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

When proteins are broken down and used as an energy source they will enter the energy pathways at which stages?

Be converted to acetyl Co-A Citric acid cycle Glycolysis

Select the end products of the prep reaction.

CO2 acetyl CoA

Select the inputs of fermentation.Which process of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

Which of these electron carriers bring electrons to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

FADH2 NADH

The components needed to build new molecules are formed when other molecules are broken down. Excess carbohydrate intake creates the molecules needed to synthesize________which explains how a person might gain weight from eating too much candy, ice cream, or cake..

Fat

Which of these is an advantage of lactic acid fermentation over cellular respiration?

Fermentation provides a rapid burst of energy when oxygen supplies are limited.

Energy is invested into the process of glycolysis in the form of 2 ATP molecules, which contribute one phosphate each to a pair of 3-carbon intermediates of glucose called

G3P

Which stage of cellular respiration breaks down glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules?

Glycolysis

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Matrix of the mitochondria

Where is the electron transport chain located?

Mitochondrial matrix

During the energy harvesting step of glycolysis, G3P is oxidized when _____ picks up hydrogen ions.

NAD

Which of these are "inputs" of glycolysis?

NAD+ Glucose ADP

Which of these molecules accounts for the most ATP production during cellular respiration?

NADH

Electrons move along a series of carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level during which phase of cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain

Place the four phases of cellular respiration in the order in which they occur. Begin with the first stage to occur at the top of the list.Electrons move along a series of carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level during which phase of cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain

When proteins are broken down and used as a source of energy, which stage of respiration does the carbon skeleton not enter?

The electron transport chain

Knowing that chickens tend to walk rather than fly, which muscles would you expect to have the greatest number of mitochondria?

Thigh muscles

Which of the following is an input to the citric acid cycle?

acetyl groups

The preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain all occur in the presence of oxygen and are therefore _______.

aerobic

Excess carbohydrate intake can result in the formation of fat if extra G3P is converted to glycerol and acetyl groups from glycolysis join to form fatty acids. This is an example of what type of reaction?

anabolic

The construction of ATP by the addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP is an example of

anabolism.

Glycolysis is called an _______ process because it can occur in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen.

anaerobic

The removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP that forms ADP is an example of

catabolism

The removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP that forms ADP is an example of

catabolism.

The process by which cells make energy using oxygen and the nutrients produced during photosynthesis in order to produce ATP molecules is called

cellular respiration.

Short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria are called _________.

cristae

When electrons move through an electron transport chain, they move from a ______ to a _____ energy level.

higher; lower

Electron carriers transport both electrons and hydrogen________ions.

hydrogen

During the production of ATP, H+ ions move _________ a gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix.

down

During cellular respiration NAD+ and FAD usually carry high energy electrons to the _______ to produce ATP.

electron transport chain

Energy from the sun is converted to carbohydrate and then ATP molecules. Along the way, some energy is lost as heat. This is an example of

energy flow.

The anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen is called

fermentation.

Cellular respiration is best described as a metabolic process that uses energy from ______ to produce ATP.

glucose