Chapter 8 Heart and Blood Vessels

A person's blood pressure has fallen below normal as the person has quickly jumped out of his or her chair where he or she had been relaxing. All of the following reflect events in restoring the blood pressure to normal EXCEPT which one?

The heart rate will decrease

Which one of the following symptoms is most typical of hypertension

most often there are no symptoms

Cardiac output can be calculated by

multiplying heart rate by stroke volume

The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle

must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include factors that can raise the levels of blood cholesterol, such as

obesity, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle

All of the following are recommended ways to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease EXCEPT which one?

older adults — use hormone replacement therapy

Blood pressure in veins is lower than that in arteries, and a series of ________ are necessary to prevent backflow of blood.

one-way valves

Each of the following mechanisms plays a role in the return of blood to the heart via veins EXCEPT which one?

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the blood

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and produces lubricant for heart contraction is the

pericardium

Smooth muscle, in the form of ________, is frequently located where arterioles meet capillaries.

precapillary sphincters

These structures serve as gates that regulate blood flow from arterioles into capillaries.

precapillary sphincters

Deoxygenated blood leaving the right side of the heart next passes through the ________ circuit, where the blood is reoxygenated

pulmonary

Each of the following is part of the systemic circuit EXCEPT the

pulmonary arteries

Which one of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

pulmonary vein

In the ________ circuit, blood leaving the ________ ultimately delivers oxygen and nutrients to all of the body's tissues and organs

pulmonary; lung capillaries

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery close to the skin's surface is a(n) ________.

pulse

The sinoatrial node

regulates the rate of heart contraction

After blood flows through the right atrium of the heart, its next major destination is the

right ventricle

Following damage to his heart, Jim is having a pacemaker implanted. Which one of the following components of the heart does this device replace the activity of?

sinoatrial node

Spontaneous contractions of the heart muscle begin in the ________.

sinoatrial node

Electrical impulses that stimulate contraction of heart muscles are initiated in the

sinoatrial node.

Blood pressure is measured with a(n) ________ and a stethoscope

sphygmomanometer

brain damage caused by an inadequate supply of blood

stroke

Blood pressure is typically recorded as two numbers; the higher number corresponds to the ________ pressure.

systolic

The aortic semilunar valve opens when the

the arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure

Deoxygenated blood always flows

toward the right atrium

Heart murmurs result from the incomplete closure of heart ________.

valves

________ prevent the backflow of blood in veins

valves

Permanently swollen veins, common in the legs and feet, are known as ________.

varicose veins

Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of arterioles is known as ________.

vasoconstriction

In which one of the following blood vessels is blood under the lowest pressure?

vein

Skeletal muscle pumps aid blood flow

vein

This blood vessel transports blood from the capillaries to the heart

vein

The inner walls are lined with endothelium to create a smooth, low-friction surface

vein, artery

The atrioventricular valves are closed when the

ventricles contract

You have been advised to check your pulse during exercise in order to monitor your heart rate. What is happening in your heart as your pulse is produced?

ventricular systole

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding arterioles and arteries

Arterioles are smaller and have less smooth muscle th an arteries.

Given the following components of the cardiac conduction cycle, which one of the following best describes the movement of the stimulus that causes a heart contraction? A. atrioventricular bundle B. sinoatrial node C. atria D. atrioventricular node E. Purkinje fibers F. ventricles

B, C, D, A, E, F

The endothelium of the heart and blood vessels is composed of a smooth layer of connective tissue that reduces friction, which helps keep blood flowing smoothly.

FALSE

Vasoconstriction causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels, thus causing an increase in blood flow to the tissues.

FALSE

Veins carry blood away from the heart

FALSE

The electrical signal causing contraction of the heart is carried from the atrioventricular bundle to the myocardium of the ventricles by ________ fibers

Purkinje

The atrioventricular valves are closed when the heart is in complete diastole.

FALSE

Which one of the following is a symptom of a heart attack?

intense chest pain

Fluid that "escapes" from the circulatory system due to high pressure is referred to as

interstitial fluid

Which one of the following parts of the brain regulates heart activity?

medulla oblongata

The buildup of fatty deposits on the inner wall of arteries is associated with higher levels of HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) in the blood

FALSE

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding baroreceptors

Baroreceptors are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure

All of the following are features of capillaries that promote exchange between blood and interstitial fluid EXCEPT which one?

Capillaries have tiny valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.

All veins carry deoxygenated blood.

FALSE

Artificial hearts are used routinely today to replace damaged hearts when a donor heart is not available for transplant.

FALSE

Blood pressure in veins is lower than blood pressure in arteries, due in part to the larger diameter of veins.

TRUE

Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with nutrients and oxygen

TRUE

Deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart never mixes with the oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.

TRUE

The cardiac cycle consists of a period of heart contraction called systole and a period of heart relaxation called diastole

TRUE

The lumen of capillaries is so small that red blood cells must travel through these blood vessels in single file or sometimes actually squeeze through.

TRUE

When a person exercises, sensory input from moving muscles and joints results in an increase in cardiac output, causing blood pressure to be maintained, despite an increase in blood flow to the muscles.

TRUE

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid.

The "lub" of the lub-DUB sounds heard through a stethoscope when listening to the heart is produced by the

closing of the two atrioventricular valves

accumulation of fluid in the tissues due to a weak heart becoming less efficient at pumping blood

congestive heart failure

Each of the following statements accurately describes a feature of arteries EXCEPT which one?

Valves along major arteries maintain directed blood flow

Which one of the following is a CORRECT statement?

Veins are more distensible than arteries.

Oxygenated blood can be found in the following chambers of the heart: ________ and ________.

left atrium; left ventricle

In a weakened heart, the heart begins to pump less blood, resulting in blood backing up in the veins causing pressure in veins and capillaries to rise. This condition is called

congestive heart failure.

Which one of the following best describes an angiogram

an x-ray picture of blood vessels

The condition that results when arterial endothelium becomes damaged or weakened causing the wall of the blood vessel to bulge, is a(n) ________.

aneurysm

sensation of tightness and pain in the chest associated with insufficient blood circulation to the heart

angina pectoris

Blood pressure is highest in

arteries

Life-threatening aneurisms are most likely to occur in

arteries

When blood leaves the heart, it first enters

arteries

Which one of the following plays the most significant role in regulating the distribution of blood into tissues?

arterioles

The smallest arteries are called ________; the smallest veins are called ________.

arterioles; venules

Medium- and large-size vessels maintain a partial state of muscle contraction, resulting in high intravessel pressure

artery

This blood vessel transports blood from the heart to the capillaries

artery

buildup of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries

atherosclerosis

The two upper chambers of the heart are called ________; the two lower chambers of the heart are called ________.

atria; ventricles

Which one of the following segments of the typical cardiac cycle is the briefest

atrial systole

During electrical stimulation of the heart, the impulse pauses briefly at the ________ before continuing on to the ventricles

atrioventricular node

An electrocardiogram is used to

measure the electrical activity of the heart

The force exerted by blood on the wall of a blood vessel is known as ________.

blood pressure

The atrioventricular valves are supported by connective tissue strands called ________, which prevent the valves from everting

chordae tendineae

Exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues is the primary function of

capillaries

This blood vessel permits exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues.

capillary

The amount of blood the heart pumps into the aorta each minute is known as ________ output.

cardiac

Ventricular fibrillation is occurring in a patient who has just arrived in the emergency room. Which one of the following treatments may be applied immediately to correct this potentially fatal arrhythmia

cardioversion

Baroreceptors are located in the aorta and ________ arteries

carotid

Arthrosclerosis is a condition that results in a thickening of arterial walls due to buildup of fatty deposits containing

cholesterol.

The heart muscle itself receives oxygen and nutrients from blood transported by the ________ arteries.

coronary

When baroreceptors are stretched, nerve impulses from these receptors ultimately cause a(n) ________ in cardiac output.

decrease

Which response would be characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decrease the rate of heart contraction

Which one of the following would result in a decrease in cardiac output

decreased stroke volume

Blood pumped from the right ventricle is ________ and enters the ________.

deoxygenated; pulmonary trunk

Fluid in the lymphatic system, as well as interstitial fluid, is

derived from blood plasma.

A record of the electrical impulses characteristic of the cardiac conduction system is known as a(n) ________.

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

blockage of a blood vessel, usually due to a floating blood clot

embolism

Which layer of the heart is in contact with the blood?

endocardium

A rapid irregular contraction of the ventricles is known as ventricular ________.

fibrillation

death of a portion of the heart due to an inadequate oxygen supply

heart attack

When blood pressure falls below normal, the condition referred to as ________ results

hypotension

When the force of blood on the walls of blood vessels drops below normal, the condition is referred to as

hypotension.