Chapter 8
olfactory bulbs
A depression is found on each side of the crista; the ____________ ______ rest in these depressions.
transverse; passage and protection for vertebral arteries; no
All seven cervical vertebrae have a prominent _________ foramen in each transverse process. What do these allow for? Do other vertebrae have these foramina?
sciatic; sciatic
Below the posterior inferior spine on each side is the greater ________ notch, named for the _______ nerve that passes through it.
ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, articular surfaces
Bones exhibit a variety of anatomical features such as? Many of these bone markings can be felt on your own body.
S shape; cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, pelvic kyphosis
Describe the shape of the vertebral column and what are the four bends?
trochanters
Distal to the head of the femur is a constricted neck and then two massive processes called the greater and lesser ____________ on which powerful muscles of the hip insert.
sacroiliac, pubic symphysis
Each hip bone is joined to the vertebral column at the __________ joint. The two hip bones are joined to each other at the ______ __________, which consists of the interpubic disc and the adjacent region of each hip bone.
auricular
Each ilium has an ___________ surface that joins with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint.
four
Each parietal bone is bordered by _ sutures.
nerves and arteries to pelvic organs
Four pairs of large anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina allow passage what and to where?
it is so close to the surface and people often reach out with their arms to break a fall
Fracture of the clavicle is common because?
Bicep
Immediately distal to the head, the radius has a narrow neck and then widens to the radial tuberosity on its medial surface; what muscle inserts here?
xiphoid
Improperly performed chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation can drive the _______ process into the liver and cause a fatal hemorrhage.
16
In children, there are five separate sacral vertebrae (S1-S5); these begin to fuse around what age?
interosseous
Like the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula are joined by an _____________ membrane along their shafts.
one year, 18, 24
Most fontanelles ossify by _____ ____ of age, but the largest one, the anterior fontanelle, is still evident ___ to ____ months after birth.
hyaline, costal
Most ribs are also attached at the anterior (distal) end to the sternum. The anterior attachment is through a long strip of ________ cartilage called the _______ cartilage.
auricular; hip bone; sacroiliac joint
On each side of the sacrum is an ear-shaped region called the _________ surface, which articulates with what? What joint is formed here?
occipital
On either side of the foramen magnum is a smooth knob called the ___________ condyle; the skull rests on the vertebral column on these condyles.
styloid
On the inferior surface of the temporal bone is the _____ process, which resembles a stylus (writing implement).
hyoid
Seven bones are closely associated with the skull but not considered part of it: the three auditory ossicles in each middle-ear cavity and the ______ bone beneath the chin.
sutural
Some people have extra bones in the skull called _______, or wormian bones.
bone, bone
Tendons connect muscle to ______, whereas ligaments connect bone to _______.
12
The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), which correspond to the _____ pairs of ribs attached to them.
sagittal
The ____ suture lies between the two parietal bones.
iliac crest
The _____ ______ is the superior crest of the hip.
coronal
The _____ suture is at the anterior margin.
squamous
The ______ suture is at the lateral margin.
lambdoid
The ______ suture is at the posterior margin.
metacarpal region; metacarpals; phalanges
The ______, or hand, contains 19 bones in two groups: 5 ___________ in the palm and 14 __________ in the fingers.
carpal region
The ______, or wrist, contains eight small bones arranged in two rows.
pubis
The _______ (pubic bone) is the most anterior portion of the hip bone and has a superior and inferior ramus and a triangular body.
mandibular
The _______ fossa is the site at which the mandible articulates with the cranium.
ilium
The _______, the largest pelvic bone, extends from the iliac crest to the center of the acetabulum.
obturator foramen
The ________ _________ is a large round-to-triangular hole below the acetabulum.
crista, dura
The ________ galli is a median blade on this plate that forms an attachment point for the ________ mater.
ischium
The ________ is the inferoposterior portion of the hip bone.
maxillae
The _________ are the largest facial bones; they form the upper jaw and meet at the median intermaxillary suture.
ethmoid
The _________ bone has three major portions and is an anterior bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum.
femur, acetabulum
The _________ is the longest and strongest bone of the body, with a hemispherical head that articulates with the ____________ in a ball-and-socket joint.
inferior
The _________ nasal concha, the largest of the three nasal conchae, is a separate bone. The other conchae are parts of the ethmoid.
antebrachium; radius and ulna; radius
The __________ (forearm) extends from elbow to wrist and contains two bones, what are these two bones? Which one is most lateral?
scapula
The __________ is named for its resemblance to a spade or shovel. It is a triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 through 7; its only direct attachment to the thorax is by muscles.
superior, fissure
The __________ orbital _________ angles upward on the posterior wall of the orbit lateral to the optic canal; it serves as a passage for nerves supplying the eye muscles.
lacrimal
The ___________ bones form part of the medial wall of each orbit and are the smallest bones of the skull—about the size of the little fingernail.
zygomatic
The ___________ bones form the angles of the cheeks.
mandible
The ___________ is the strongest bone of the skull and the only one that can move.
brachial region, humerus
The ___________, or arm proper, extends from shoulder to elbow and contains only the __________.
Occipital
The _____________ bone forms the rear of the skull (or occiput), and much of its base.
Acetabulum
The ______________ is the hip socket.
ilium, ischium, pubis
The adult hip bone is formed by the fusion of three childhood bones: What are these bones?
bones
The ankle and foot consist of ______ in proximal and distal groups similar to those of the wrist, but because of their weight-bearing role, the bones' shapes and arrangement are very different.
radial
The anterior lateral pit of the humerus, the _________ fossa, is named for the nearby head of the radius.
coronoid; coronoid process
The anterior medial pit of the humerus, the ____________ fossa, accommodates the ___________ __________ of the ulna when the arm is flexed.
upper limb, pectoral girdle, lower limb, pelvic girdle
The appendicular skeleton includes what?
atlanto-occipital joint, atlantoaxial joint
The articulation between the atlas and the cranium forms what joint? The articulation between the atlas and axis forms what joint?
skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
The axial skeleton forms the central supporting axis of the body and includes what?
spinous process
The axis is the first vertebra that exhibits what?
pubic symphyisis; obturator
The body of one pubis meets the body of the other at the _____ __________. The pubis and ischium encircle the ____________ foramen.
fibrous membranes, intramembranous
The bones at these points are joined only by what? What type of ossification takes place later?
206, 270
The bones of the skeletal system typically number ___ in an adult, but at birth there are ___, and even more form during childhood.
meninges, dura
The brain is separated from the cranial bones by three membranes called the ______, the thickest and toughest of which is the _____ mater.
subscapular
The broad anterior surface of the scapula, or ____________ fossa, is slightly concave and relatively featureless.
movement of the head
The cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) are relatively small; What do they allow for?
childbirth or hard fall on buttocks
The coccyx can be fractured how?
4, 5
The coccyx usually consists of ______ (sometimes ____) coccygeal vertebrae, which fuse by the age of 20 or 30.
squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous
The complex shape of the temporal bone can be broken down into four parts: what are these four parts?
frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid
The cranium forms the cranial cavity and protects the brain and associated sensory organs; it is composed of eight bones. What are those 8?
foramen magnum
The cranium is rigid with an opening, the ______ _______, where the spinal cord enters.
olfactory nerves
The cribriform foramina in the depressed area allow passage for what?
deltoid
The deltoid tuberosity is a rough area on the shaft that is the insertion for the _________ muscle.
three
The distal end of the humerus also shows ______ deep pits: one posterior and two anterior.
2
The distal end of the humerus has _____ smooth condyles.
2 maxillae, 2 nasal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 zygomatic bones, vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, mandible
The facial bones are those having no direct contact with the brain or meninges; there are 14 facial bones: What are these bones?
ankle
The fibula is a slender strut that helps stabilize what?
thick, stout body, and blunt, squarish spinous process
The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are distinguished by what?
femoral, crural, tarsal, pedal; femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals
The four regions are what? What are some bones in each region?
brachial region, antebrachial, carpal, metcarpal
The four regions of the upper limb are what?
coronal, frontal, parietal
The frontal bone of the skull extends from the forehead back to a prominent ________ suture, which crosses the crown of the head and joins the _____ bone to the _____ bones.
humerus bone, glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket that articulates with the head of what bone and what joint does this form?
three
The hip bones have ____ distinctive features.
hemispherical
The humerus has a _________ head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
between chin and larynx; doesn't articulate with any other bone; muscles that control the mandible, tongue, and larynx
The hyoid bone is a slender bone between what? What is special about the hyoid bone? What muscles does this bone serve as points of attachment for?
optic
The inferior and superior orbital fissures form a sideways V whose apex lies near the _______ canal.
cranial
The largest cavity of the skull is the _____ cavity, which encloses the brain.
Calcaneus
The largest tarsal bone is the __________, which forms the heel.
capitulum; radius
The lateral condyle, the ____________, is shaped somewhat like a wide tire and articulates with the ________.
optic
The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone contains the _______ canal through which the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass.
30
The lower limb, like the upper limb, is divided into four regions and contains ___ bones per limb; these bones have adaptations for weight bearing and locomotion.
ramus
The mandible has two major parts on each side: the horizontal body and the ______; these meet at a corner called the angle.
mastoid
The mastoid part of the temporal bone has a _________ process, which is filled with small air sinuses that are subject to infection (mastoiditis).
posterior
The mastoid part of the temporal bone is __________ to the tympanic part.
inferior, fissure
The maxilla forms part of the floor of the orbit, where it exhibits a gash called the ________ orbital __________.
epicondyles
The medial and lateral ___________ of the femur are the widest points of the femur at the knee. These and the supracondylar lines are attachments for certain thigh and leg muscles and knee ligaments.
trochlea; ulna
The medial condyle, called the __________, is pulleylike and articulates with the _____.
gradually fuse
The number of bones decreases as separate bones do what?
inlet; outlet
The opening of the pelvis circumscribed by the brim is called the pelvic ______; the lower margin of the lesser pelvis is called the pelvic _______.
hard, soft
The palate forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity; it consists of a bony ______ palate and a fleshy _____ palate.
perpendicular
The palatine bones are located in the posterior nasal cavity; each has an L shape formed by a horizontal and a _________________ plate.
sesamoid
The patella, or kneecap, is a large ___________ bone; it is cartilaginous at birth and ossifies at 3 to 6 years of age.
clavicle and scapula
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm; it consists of what two bones?
coxal bones and sacrum
The pelvic girdle is composed of what?
greater, lesser
The pelvis has the _________ (false) pelvis between the flare of the hips and the narrower __________ (true) pelvis below.
differs between sexes
The pelvis is sexually dimorphic, what does this mean?
olecranon; olecranon
The posterior pit of the humerus, the ____________ fossa, accommodates the ___________ of the ulna when the arm is extended.
spine, supraspinous, infraspinous
The posterior surface of the scapula has a transverse ridge called the _________, a deep indentation superior to the spine called the _______________ fossa, and a broad surface inferior to it called the ______________ fossa.
interosseous membrane; weight distribution/load sharing
The radius and ulna are attached along their shafts by a ligament called the? What does this allow for?
head
The radius has a distinctive discoidal _______ at its proximal end. (Figend. (Fig. 8.33). 8.33)
temporal
The right and left _________ bones form much of the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity; you can feel this bone just above and anterior to each ear.
roof
The right and left parietal bones form most of the cranial ____ and part of its walls.
alveolus
The root of each tooth is inserted into a deep socket, or _________; if a tooth is lost, the alveolar processes are resorbed and the alveolus fills in with new bone.
talus
The second largest and most superior tarsal bone is the _______.
anterior
The shaft of the tibia has a sharply angular __________ border, which can be palpated in the shin.
not
The skull bones of an infant are ___ fused, which allows it to pass through the pelvic outlet of the mother during birth.
22, immovable joints
The skull is composed of __ bones and sometimes more; What is a suture?
greater, lesser
The sphenoid bone has a complex shape, with a thick medial body and outstretched _______ and _________ wings.
nerve
The suprascapular notch in the superior border of the scapula provides passage for a ________.
ischial
The thick, _________ tuberosity, which supports the body when sitting.
heart and lungs
The thoracic cage forms a more or less conical enclosure for what organs?
pointed spinous process, heart shaped body, costal facets, transverse costal facets
The thoracic vertebrae have four distinguishing features. What are these four?
medial
The tibia is on the ____________ side of the leg and is the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region.
pelvic brim
The two pelves are separated by a round margin called the?
medial and lateral malleoli
The two prominent bony knobs on each side of the ankle are the what?
external, meatus
The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a ring of bone that borders the ______ acoustic _______ (ear canal opening).
Trochlea
The ulna has a deep, C-shaped trochlear notch at its proximal end; this notch wraps around the __________ of the humerus.
30
The upper limb is divided into four regions and contains __ bones per limb.
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4)
The vertebrae are divided into five groups: What are those five groups and the number of vertebrae seen in each group?
33; fibrocartilage
The vertebral column consists of a chain of ______ vertebrae with intervertebral discs of what type of cartilage between them?
nasal septum,
The vomer forms what? What does it resemble?
zygomatic
The zygomatic process forms part of the ________ arch (cheekbone).
no
There are 12 pairs of ribs, with __ difference in number between the sexes.
late adolescence into the mid-20s
This fusion is complete by?
true
True or false. The skull contains several prominent cavities.
true
True or false. The skull is the most complex part of the skeleton.
Atlas, occipital condyles of skull, nodding of head
Vertebra C1 is called the? What bone does it articulate with and what does this joint allow for in terms of movement?
axis, rotation of the head
Vertebra C2 is called the? It allows the head to do what?
functional
Vertebrae differ from one another depending on the region of the spine in which they are located; these differences reflect their _________ differences.
small points of maxillary bone that grow into the spaces between the bases of the teeth
What are alveolar processes?
spaces of unfused cranial bones
What are fontanelles?
Openings in bone that allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels.
What are foramina (sing. foramen) and what purpose do they serve?
bones formed within tendons
What are sesamoid bones?
supports skull and trunk, protects spinal cord, absorbs stresses; allows for movement of skull and trunk
What are some of the functions of the vertebral column (spine)? What does it allow for?
orbits, nasal cavity, oral cavity, ear cavities, paranasal cavities
What are some other cavities of the skull?
horizontal extensions of the maxilla
What are the palatine processes?
True ribs are directly connected to the sternum by costal cartilage, false ribs are not directly connected to the sternum, floating ribs are merely embedded in lumbar muscle
What are true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs?
malleus, incus, stapes
What bones make up the auditory ossicles?
scapula and humerus
What bones make up the glenohumeral joint?
sternum and clavicle, scapula and clavicle
What bones make up the sternoclavicular joint? What bones make up the acromioclavicular joint?
they help bind adjacent vertebrae together, support weight of body, allow spinal mobility and absorb shock; a bulging or ruptured intervertebral disc
What do the discs help with? What is a herniated disc?
gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage (anulus fibrosus)
What does an intervertebral disc consist of?
ligaments, ribs, spinal muscles
What does the spinous and transverse processes provide attachments for?
thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs
What does the thoracic cage consists of ?
vertebral canal; spinal cord
What does the vertebral foramina form and what passes through it?
temporal bone and mandible at the mandibular condyle
What forms the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
failure of the fetal maxillae to join
What is a cleft palate?
breathing; expansion and compression
What is its most important role? How does it help with this?
chewing
What is mastication?
It connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain.
What is sella turcica and what does the stalk that penetrates this membrane connect to?
platelike extension of the scapular spine that forms the apex of the shoulder; clavicle
What is the acromion? What bone articulates here?
forms the roof of the nasal cavity
What is the cribriform plate?
a prominent knob on the axis; fatal injury
What is the dens and what would a heavy blow to the top of the head cause?
openings on each side of joined vertebrae between their pedicles; spinal nerves that connect with the spinal cord at regular intervals
What is the intervertebral foramen and what does it allow passage for?
body (centrum), weight-bearing
What is the most obvious feature of a vertebra? What does it allow for?
A thin median plate of bone that forms the superior two-thirds of the nasal septum.
What is the perpendicular plate?
bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle
What is the sacrum?
a projection directed posteriorly and downward
What is the spinous process and how is it directed?
bony plate anterior to the heart; manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What is the sternum and what are the three regions of it?
spinal cord
What passes through the foramen magnum?
S-shaped, sternal end and acromial end
What shape does the clavicle exhibit and what are the two ends of it called?
C shape
What shape is the vertebral column in newborns?
around one year; walking
When does the S-curve develop and what does this allow for?
capitulum, radial
When the forearm is rotated, the circular superior surface of this disc spins on the __________ of the humerus, and the edge of the disc spins on the ________ notch of the ulna.
surgical neck
Where on the humerus is the most common fracture site?