chapter 8 Nutrition

True or false: Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state.

false (Insulin is secreted in response to a rise in blood glucose level-absorptive state)

The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________.

fat cells; glycogen stores

is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.

cortisol

You might be at risk for an alcohol use disorder if you

drink to relax, forget your worries, or improve your mood. lose interest in food as a result of your drinking habits. drink alone.

After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and

incorporated into VLDL. flood into the liver.

Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?

physical fitness dietary intake body composition

True or false: Alcohol has negative effects on almost all parts of the body.

true

True or false: The thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions.

true

Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes?

vitamin B

The four phases of complete glucose breakdown

1. Glycolysis 2. Preparatory Reaction 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain

Order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell.

1. Triglycerides are circulated in VLDL 2. Lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from three fatty acids 3. triglyceride components enter the cell 4. Three fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule

Put the steps of energy production from ATP in order.

1. enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP 2. ATP molecule loses power 3. ADP is formed

Liver glycogen becomes depleted in an approximate range of

12-24 hours

in glycolysis, ______ ATP molecules are utilized, and _______ ATP molecules are formed in the process, for a net gain of ________ ATP molecules (all number answers)

2, 4, and 2

How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein?

A considerable amount

Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?

B6

What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?

Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose. The body metabolizes fatty acids.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?

Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.

Which of the following could be signs of alcohol abuse?

Drinks alone Lose interest in food Lie about drinking habits

Match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right.

GLUCOGENIC-----> PYRUVATE KETOGENIC-------> ACETYL COA

Choose the effects of alcohol on the body.

Increases risk of esophageal, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon cancers Increases fat deposits in abdominal region Interferes with nutrient absorption

What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?

Pyridoxal phosphate must be available. The nitrogen group must be removed.

A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered ______.

a standard drink

Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies.

acetoacetate beta-hydroxybutyrate acetone

Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?

acetone

Metabolic reactions may be

anabolic or catabolic

is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid.

beta oxidation

The body gets its energy to perform work from the ______ energy that is stored in macronutrients and alcohol.

chemical

Which hormone increases protein catabolism and stimulates the liver to increase its use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis?

cortisol

Which of the following are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?

glucagon thyroid hormone cortisol insulin epinephrine

Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism.

glucose

Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?

lactate and lactic acid

During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______.

lactic acid

Where does glycogenolysis occur?

liver

Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?

liver

ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is __________ during aerobic metabolism.

much less than

is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids.

proteolysis

Human cells obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients

Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and _____.

stomach and small intestine

The conversion of ATP to ADP results from _____

the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP

Which is the final step of complete glucose breakdown?

the electron transport chain

is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol that has been absorbed by the digestive tract.

the liver

Mitochondria are responsible for

transfer energy released to ATP. catabolize macronutrients.

What is the most energy-dense macronutrient group?

triglycerides

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including ______.

using energy to build new molecules breaking down molecules to release energy

The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of an amino acid depends on

where it entered the catabolic pathway.

during_____ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.

aerobic

Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?

bloodstream

Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages.

caffeine may make the person feel more alert caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol

Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ______, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ______.

fed; fasted

Define the word gluconeogenesis based upon the meaning of the following segements: gluco, Neo, and genesis

gluco: glucose neo: new genesis: formation

When the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as

gluconeogenesis

Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to ______.

glucose and fatty acids

Glucose is stored as ______ through a pathway called glycogenesis.

glycogen

The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is

glycogenesis

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

increases protein catabolism increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis

The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is

insulin

Obesity can lead to ___________, which is linked to type 2 diabetes.

insulin resistance

Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?

may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more makes the person feel more alert

are "powerhouse" organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function.

mitochondria

Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?

muscle adipose cells liver

When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat.

nitrogen group

What is associated with insulin resistance?

obesity

Which hormone can have catabolic and anabolic actions?

thyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?

thyroid hormone

True or false: During starvation, the body will break down glycogen and adipose tissue while not degrading protein.

false (During starvation muscle cells will experience degradation)

Beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down

fatty acids

When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down _____ as an alternative fuel source.

fatty acids

is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.

hormone-sensitive lipase

Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities.

hormones

Excess amino acids may be ______.

oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose

The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the overall needs of the body and ______.

the specific amino acid

Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?

triglycerides