chapter 8 Nutrition
True or false: Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state.
false (Insulin is secreted in response to a rise in blood glucose level-absorptive state)
The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________.
fat cells; glycogen stores
is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.
cortisol
You might be at risk for an alcohol use disorder if you
drink to relax, forget your worries, or improve your mood. lose interest in food as a result of your drinking habits. drink alone.
After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and
incorporated into VLDL. flood into the liver.
Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?
physical fitness dietary intake body composition
True or false: Alcohol has negative effects on almost all parts of the body.
true
True or false: The thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions.
true
Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes?
vitamin B
The four phases of complete glucose breakdown
1. Glycolysis 2. Preparatory Reaction 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
Order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell.
1. Triglycerides are circulated in VLDL 2. Lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from three fatty acids 3. triglyceride components enter the cell 4. Three fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule
Put the steps of energy production from ATP in order.
1. enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP 2. ATP molecule loses power 3. ADP is formed
Liver glycogen becomes depleted in an approximate range of
12-24 hours
in glycolysis, ______ ATP molecules are utilized, and _______ ATP molecules are formed in the process, for a net gain of ________ ATP molecules (all number answers)
2, 4, and 2
How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein?
A considerable amount
Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?
B6
What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?
Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose. The body metabolizes fatty acids.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?
Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.
Which of the following could be signs of alcohol abuse?
Drinks alone Lose interest in food Lie about drinking habits
Match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right.
GLUCOGENIC-----> PYRUVATE KETOGENIC-------> ACETYL COA
Choose the effects of alcohol on the body.
Increases risk of esophageal, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon cancers Increases fat deposits in abdominal region Interferes with nutrient absorption
What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?
Pyridoxal phosphate must be available. The nitrogen group must be removed.
A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered ______.
a standard drink
Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies.
acetoacetate beta-hydroxybutyrate acetone
Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?
acetone
Metabolic reactions may be
anabolic or catabolic
is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid.
beta oxidation
The body gets its energy to perform work from the ______ energy that is stored in macronutrients and alcohol.
chemical
Which hormone increases protein catabolism and stimulates the liver to increase its use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis?
cortisol
Which of the following are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?
glucagon thyroid hormone cortisol insulin epinephrine
Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism.
glucose
Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?
lactate and lactic acid
During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______.
lactic acid
Where does glycogenolysis occur?
liver
Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?
liver
ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is __________ during aerobic metabolism.
much less than
is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids.
proteolysis
Human cells obtain energy by
releasing chemical energy from macronutrients
Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and _____.
stomach and small intestine
The conversion of ATP to ADP results from _____
the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP
Which is the final step of complete glucose breakdown?
the electron transport chain
is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol that has been absorbed by the digestive tract.
the liver
Mitochondria are responsible for
transfer energy released to ATP. catabolize macronutrients.
What is the most energy-dense macronutrient group?
triglycerides
Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including ______.
using energy to build new molecules breaking down molecules to release energy
The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of an amino acid depends on
where it entered the catabolic pathway.
during_____ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.
aerobic
Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?
bloodstream
Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages.
caffeine may make the person feel more alert caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol
Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ______, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ______.
fed; fasted
Define the word gluconeogenesis based upon the meaning of the following segements: gluco, Neo, and genesis
gluco: glucose neo: new genesis: formation
When the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as
gluconeogenesis
Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to ______.
glucose and fatty acids
Glucose is stored as ______ through a pathway called glycogenesis.
glycogen
The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is
glycogenesis
Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?
increases protein catabolism increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is
insulin
Obesity can lead to ___________, which is linked to type 2 diabetes.
insulin resistance
Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?
may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more makes the person feel more alert
are "powerhouse" organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function.
mitochondria
Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?
muscle adipose cells liver
When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat.
nitrogen group
What is associated with insulin resistance?
obesity
Which hormone can have catabolic and anabolic actions?
thyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?
thyroid hormone
True or false: During starvation, the body will break down glycogen and adipose tissue while not degrading protein.
false (During starvation muscle cells will experience degradation)
Beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down
fatty acids
When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down _____ as an alternative fuel source.
fatty acids
is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.
hormone-sensitive lipase
Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities.
hormones
Excess amino acids may be ______.
oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose
The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the overall needs of the body and ______.
the specific amino acid
Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?
triglycerides