Chapter 8, Section 1, The First President

In December 1791, what was added to the Constitution?

10 amendments were added and became known as the Bill of Rights.

With the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established a federal court system with what?

13 district courts and three circuit courts to serve the nation.

What is a tariff?

A tax on imported goods

To head the departments, who did Washington appoint secretary of the treasury?

Alexander Hamilton

When the government had borrowed money during the American Revolution, what had it issued?

Bonds

Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, he federal courts had the power to do what against state courts?

Reverse state decisions

The Judiciary act of 1789 would not change what?

State laws

On April 30 of 1789 what did Washington do?

Take the oath of office as the first president under the federal constitution

Give one example of Washington and the Congress making important decisions that would shape their government. (They still had to make many more decisions)

The Constitution gave Congress the power to make executive departments, but it did not state whether the department heads would report to the president or to Congress.

What were the three departments in the executive branch?

The State department, Treasury department and the war department

Washington met regularly with the three department heads and the attorney general, who together became known as what?

The cabinet

Washington knew that the precedents he created would change what?

The future of the United States

What was growing which caused problems in the governments finances?

The national debt

What was the ending vote that explained if should the president be able to replace an official that he had appointed and the Senate had confirmed?

The senators had an even vote so Adams broke the tie by voting to allow the president the authority to dismiss cabinet officers without the Senate's approval.

The original bond owners felt betrayed by their own government because?

They had lost money on their bonds while new bond owners profited.

To head the departments, who did Washington appoint secretary of state?

Thomas Jefferson

Why did James Madison introduce a set of amendments during the first session of Congress?

To fulfill the promises made during the fight for ratification of the Constitution

What two states were included in the special district?

Virginia and Maryland

What did the special district between two states become known as?

Washington, D.C.

What was the stuff that Hamilton asked the government to put national taxes on?

Whiskey

What did the first president concentrate on?

concentrated on foreign affairs and military matters

Hamilton won the support of Congress in what?

for some low tariffs to raise money rather than to protect industries.

Many people persisted that the Constitution had to include what?

guarantees of personal liberties and rights.

Washington almost always approved what by Congress?

he almost always approved the bills that were passed by Congress.

What does unconstitutional mean?

inconsistent with the Constitution.

Washington himself rarely proposed what?

laws

The South had little what to protect?

little industry

What was purchased by speculators?

many of the original bond owners had sold the bonds for less than their value.

What are bonds?

paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain length of time.

Who are speculators?

people who risk money in order to make a larger profit.

Who would own the national governments stocks?

private investors and the national government

Hamilton also believed what?

that federal payment of state debts would give the states a strong interest in the success of the national government.

What is the 10th amendment's purpose?

that powers not specifically given to the federal government goes to the states

In 1790 Hamilton proposed what?

that the new government pay off the millions of dollars in debts owed by the Confederation government

What was the national debt?

the amount the nation's government owed

The final portion of Hamiltonś economic program included what?

the creation of national taxes.

What did Hamilton think about tariffs and taxes?

the development of manufacturing would make America's economy stronger.

What two groups reached the agreement of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

the national legal system and those favoring state courts.

After creating the three departments of the executive branch what did Congress create?

the office of attorney general and the office of postmaster general

In the end, the national bank was...

the president signed the bill creating the national bank.

What did Hamilton propose about the bonds?

these bonds be paid off at their original value.

What did the southern states complain about due to Hamilton's plan?

they would have to pay more than their share under Hamilton's plan.

What did Hamilton ask Congress to do about a bank?

to create a national bank, the Bank of the United States.

What was the job of the treasury department?

to deal with financial matters

What was the job of the office of postmaster general?

to direct the postal service

What did tariffs encourage people to do?

to encourage people to buy American products.

What was the job of the state department?

to handle relations with other nations

What was the job of the office of attorney general?

to handle the government's legal affairs

What did Hamilton try to find and do?

to improve the government's financial reputation and to strengthen the nation at the same time.

Washington nominated John Jay as what?

to lead the Supreme Court as chief justice

What was Hamilton's compromise he made with the southern leaders about his plan?

to locate the new nation's capital in the South after moving to Philadelphia while workmen prepared the new city for the federal government.

What did Congress agree to involving Hamiltonś plan?

to pay money owed to other nations

What is the Bill of Rights' purpose?

to protect the rights of individual liberty

What was the job of the war department?

to provide for the nation's defense

What are precedents?

traditions

To head the departments, who did Washington appoint secretary of war?

Henry Knox

What did the vice president, John Adams, suggest that the president should be called due to the precedent?

His highness the president of the united states

What did the first president leave his economic policies to?

His secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton

How many amendments did Congress pass and how many were ratified?

Congress passed 12 amendments, and the states ratified 10 of them.

Who did Washington appoint attorney of general?

Edmund Randolph

During the summer of 1789, Congress set up three departments in what branch?

Executive branch

What did the people that opposed the national bank believe?

It would benefit the wealthy and that the bank was unconstitutional

Who was the vice president of George Washington?

John Adams

Which two important people opposed the national bank?

Madison and Jefferson

What did Madison hope, with the 10th amendment, the states would act as?

Madison hoped to use the states as an important line of defense against a too-powerful national government.

It was ultimately decided by one of the precedents created by George Washington that the president should be called what?

Mr. President