Chapter 8. Supporting Your Ideas, Speech Chapter 8. Supporting Your Ideas, Public Speaking Midterm: Chapter 8: Using Supporting Materials for Your Speech, Public Speaking: Chapter 8 Supporting your Ideas, Chapter 8: Supporting Your Ideas

If we say that there is a positive relationship between height and landing a spot on a basketball team, we are using which type of statistics?

Correlation

In most cases, statistics speak for themselves and do not require a lot of explanation when used in a speech.

False

Practice Delivery to Enhance Your Extended Examples

like a story or narrative Impact depends as much on delivery as on content Students fall short because they did not make their example vivid enough. Don't read from notes Maintain eye contact

Brief Example( Specific Instances)

A specific case referred in passing to illustrated a point Another way to use brief example is to pile them one upon the other until you create the desired impression

Paraphrasing

you present the gist of that person's ideas in your own words

Evaluating Valid Statistic Questions?

1. Are stats representative? 2. Are Statistical Measures Used Correctly? 3. Are Statistics from a Reliable Source?

Why should statistics be used sparingly?

An outpouring of a lot of statistics can be fatiguing and confusing

The three kinds of supporting materials discussed in your textbook are: A) questions, answers, and conclusions. B) statistics, examples, and testimony. C) generalizations, statements, and opinions. D) descriptions, figures, and analysis.

B) statistics, examples, and testimony.

Literal Analogy

Literal: two entities in same category are are compared

How does the following speech excerpt violate the guidelines for using statistics presented in your textbook? Restaurants are paying more for seafood and top cuts of beef. The price of king crab legs rose $7.07 in the past year, from $8.27 to $15.34. The cost of gulf shrimp rose $2.12, from $12.68 to $14.80. Likewise, the cost of a tenderloin filet rose $9.53, from $15.79 to $25.32. And the cost of a rib eye steak rose $1.94, from $4.16 to $6.10.

This statement drowns listeners in a sea of numbers. Using fewer statistics would be more effective--as would rounding off the price increases rather than citing the exact amounts. Moreover, the source of the statistics is not identified.

Why are informal definitions usually superior to dictionary definitions in a speech?

Informal definitions can be easily understood by the audience, while dictionary definitions tend to be tedious and hard to grasp

Are the Statistical from a Reliable Source?

Must be aware of possible bias in the use of numbers

Statistics

Numerical Data

____ is when you make a statement that gives the gist of what a person said but does not quote the person directly.

Paraphrasing

To quote or paraphrase someone correctly, you need to make certain that you A. do not quote out of context. B. do not misquote someone. C. use biased sources. D. do not violate the meaning of the statements being paraphrased. E. mention the date and time of the quotation.

A. do not quote out of context. B. do not misquote someone. D. do not violate the meaning of the statements being paraphrased.

An important use of examples is to ____ your ideas. A. reinforce B. generalize C. prove D. harmonize

A. reinforce

Use Examples to Reinforce Ideas

Make sure example is representative that does not deal with rare or exceptional cases Listeners feel betrayed if they suspect you have chosen an atypical example to prove a general point

Are the Statistics Representative?

Make sure stats are representative of what they claim to measure

Use Examples to Personalize Your Ideas

People bare deeply influenced by one clear, vivid, personal example Include examples that will add human interest in your speech

A hypothetical example is an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

True

Examples are especially useful for getting listeners involved in a speech.

True

The impact of an extended example often depends as much on the speaker's delivery as on the content of the example.

True

The skillful use of supporting materials is closely related to critical thinking.

True

The statistical measure that is the middle number of a group of numbers when put in order from highest to lowest is the A. median. B. average. C. mean. D. mode.

A. median.

Use Statistics to Quantify Your Ideas

Statistics give your ideas numerical precision. Important when you are trying to document the existence of a problem Bring your problem alive Impact examples is enhanced when they are combined with Statistics

• Know the terms on Speak Up's page 250.

VOCAB

Select all of the following that are guidelines for using statistics effectively. A. use statistics from the current year only B. explain any statistics that are used C. use visual aids to clarify statistical trends D. use statistics sparingly E. use statistics only as a last resort

B. explain any statistics that are used C. use visual aids to clarify statistical trends D. use statistics sparingly

Extended Examples

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed illustrate a point Telling a story pulls listeners into the speech The point is made more poignantly

A(n) ____________ example is a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. A) brief B) irregular C) minor

A) brief

One of the most important tips for using extended examples is to A. use only factual examples. B. read it word for word from your notes. C. use only specific instances. D. practice delivery to enhance your example.

D. practice delivery to enhance your example.

Hypothetical Examples

Describes an imaginary or fictitious situation Speaker creates a realistic scenario, directs his/her listeners gets involved in the speech Follow it with Statistics or Testimony

A(n) ____________ is a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. A) example B) phenomenon C) testimonial

A) example

Citing Sources Orally

a.Careful listeners are skeptical. They keep an ear out for both for a speaker's information and for the sources of that information b.Bibliography in your speech outline should state your sources you used in constructing the speech c.Tell your audience enough that they will know where you got your information and why should accept it as qualified and credible

Identify the People You Quote or Paraphrase

a.Identify your source is to name the person and sketch his or her qualifications before presenting the testimony b.Identifying source of testimony most ethical responsibility c.If you use another person's words or words give them credit

Use Testimony from Qualified Sources

a.Listeners will find your speeches more credible if you use testimony from sources qualified on the subject at hand b.May include experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the topic

Use Testimony from Unbiased Sources

aCareful listeners are suspicious of testimony from biased or self- interested sources b.Use testimony from credible, objective authorities

The mean, the median, and the ____ are basic statistical measures that determine characteristics of a given group of numbers.

mode

Quotations

more effective when they are brief, when they convey your meaning better than you can, and when they are compelling

What is the difference between a comparison and a contrast?

A comparison shows how two or more items are alike; a contrast shows how they are different

What is the mean of the group of numbers: 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 12, 27? A. 8 B. 11 C. 10 D. 12

B. 11

Which of the following are basic kinds of supporting materials? A. testimony B. examples C. statistics D. bibliographies

A. testimony B. examples C. statistics

A hypothetical example is an example that describes A. a real-life situation. B. a nonfictional situation. C. an imaginary or fictitious situation.

C. an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Illustrations, or narratives, are a type of supporting material referred to as A. specific instances. B. imaginary situations. C. extended examples. D. personal examples.

C. extended examples.

Explain Your Statistics

Explain what your Statistics mean is important when you are dealing with large numbers Make statistics meaningful to your audience Be creative in thinking of ways to relate your statistics to your audience

What term is used to refer to a story about an imaginary situation?

Hypothetical narrative

How many examples are needed to develop a point?

Only as many as are necessary for listeners to understand, remember, or be convinced.

Peer Testimony

Ordinary people that have firsthand experience or insight on a topic Valuable because it gives a personal viewpoints on issues that could be gained from expert testimony

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point Audiences respect people who have special knowledge or experience on hand Quoting and Paraphrasing people give your ideas a greater impact

What must speakers use in order to make vivid images successful?

Specific Details

List five reasons why support materials are important in a speech.

Support materials can develop and illustrate ideas, clarify ideas, make a speech more interesting, help listeners remember key ideas, and help prove an assertion.

Identify the four major guidelines discussed in your textbook for using testimony in a speech.

The four major guidelines for using testimony are: Quote or paraphrase accurately. Use testimony from qualified sources. Use testimony from unbiased sources. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase.

Paraphrasing is better than Quoting in two situations

When the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome When Quotation is longer than two or three sentences

In a speech about childhood obesity, the speaker described the real life case of a young girl who spent her time watching television and eating junk food. This type of supporting material is defined as a(n) ____.

example

One way to clarify unfamiliar or complex ideas is to use several brief or extended ____.

examples

When you use ____ in your speeches, they should be vivid and richly textured.

examples

When you are giving a speech and you quote or paraphrase recognized authorities in their field, you are using ____ testimony.

expert

Accurate Quotation involves

i.Making sure you do not misquote someone ii.Make sure you do not violate the meaning of the statements you paraphrase iii.Make sure you do not quote out of context

What do you need to cite?

i.The book, newspaper, or web document you are citing ii.The author or sponsoring organization of the document iii.The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated

To have a strong and powerful effect on listeners' beliefs and actions, examples should be ____. A. concrete B. impersonal C. vivid D. abstract

A. concrete C. vivid

Daniel is presenting his speech to his classmates. He uses examples, testimony, and statistics to support his ideas. He does NOT explain his sources during his speech, but he does show his bibliography on a PowerPoint slide at the end of the speech. What common error has Daniel made in his speech? A. he failed to cite his sources orally B. he forgot to credit his sources C. he failed to identify the author D. he plagiarized his information

A. he failed to cite his sources orally

Which of the following are guidelines for using examples effectively? A. make examples vivid and richly textured B. write out examples word for word C. reinforce your examples with statistics or testimony D. make your examples representative

A. make examples vivid and richly textured C. reinforce your examples with statistics or testimony D. make your examples representative

Which of the following are good reasons for identifying the source of testimony that you provide in a speech? A. to add credibility to the testimony given B. to give proper attribution and avoid plagiarism C. to take up more time in the speech D. to impress your audience that you've researched the topic

A. to add credibility to the testimony given B. to give proper attribution and avoid plagiarism

A speaker who likens worrying to rocking in a rocking chair is using which kind of support material?

Analogy

You are giving a speech about school violence and you list the examples of Columbine, Virginia Tech, and the Amish school shootings to illustrate the problem. Specific instances like these are a type of supporting material called ____ ____.

brief example

If you were giving a speech about a Japanese tsunami and you quoted a local survivor on the hardships endured, you would be using ____ testimony.

peer

Make Examples Vivid and Richly Textured

richly textured everyday details that bring example to life More vivid examples, more impact they have on your audience

Examples

specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

• What are the six guidelines for using supporting materials?

1. Choose most credible proof = backed by credible evidence 2. Use different types of supporting materials to clarify, elaborate on, or substantiate different points in your speech. 3. Appeal to Different Learning Styles = Incorporate visual aids for visual learners. Have active learners do something with the supporting materials. Have reflective learners think about the supporting materials being presented. Ask verbal learners to read or listen to the materials. 4. Avoid Long Lists = Strings of facts, examples, or statistics with no elaboration are difficult for listeners. Select a smaller number of supporting materials, each taking about 15-30 seconds. 5. Consider your Audience = Your audience's knowledge and interests should guide your selection of supporting materials. + Listeners will respond more effectively to interesting and informative materials to which they can relate. 6. Respect the Available Time = Choose supporting materials that fit into your speech's time frame. Short speeches require supporting materials that require little time to present

• What are the six types of supporting materials?

1. Example: sample or instance that supports or illustrates a general claim. A: Brief Example = short instance (single sentence) used to support or illustrate your claim B: Extended Example = provides details about the instance being used , giving your audience a deeper and richer picture of your point 2. Definitions: Unfamiliar words that are defined A: Dictionary Definition = provide the meaning of a term as it appears in a dictionary. B: Expert definitions = come from a person who is a credible source of information. C: Etymological definitions = explain the linguistic origin of terms. D: Functional definitions = explain how something is used or what it does. 3. Testimony: information provide by other people (interviews) A: Expert Testimony: consists of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in-depth knowledge of a topic B: Lay Testimony: statements made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing. 4. Statisitics: Piece of data or information presented in numerical form. 5. Narratives: anecdote (brief story) or somewhat longer account used to support your main points 6. Analogies: comparison based on similarities between two phenomena one thats familiar to the audience and one that is less familiar. A: Literal: two entities in same category are are compared B: Figurative: two entities are not in the same category but the characteristics of one can help the audience better understand the characteristics of another.

What is the mode of the group of numbers: 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 12, 27? A. 12 B. 8 C. 10 D. 11

A. 12

According to your textbook, a(n) ____________ example is a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. A) general B) extended C) illustrative

B) extended

Although you do NOT need to recite all of the information in your bibliography about your sources, which of the following should you typically include in all your oral citations? A. the type of statistics used, the Internet sponsor, and the qualifications of the author B. the type of document, the author, the date published, and the author's qualifications C. the type of supporting material, the author, the publisher, and the date D. the type of speech, the specific purpose of the speech, the date, and the author's qualifications

B. the type of document, the author, the date published, and the author's qualifications

When you orally cite a source and quote your source in a speech, you should A. say, "quote...unquote," to indicate the beginning and end of quoted material. B. use your tone of voice or slight pauses to indicate when you are giving quoted material. C. vary the way you cite your sources, blending the information into your speech.

B. use your tone of voice or slight pauses to indicate when you are giving quoted material. C. vary the way you cite your sources, blending the information into your speech.

Certain types of examples can personalize your ideas by adding ____ interest to them. A. technical B. researched C. human

C. human

How to use Statistics as an example?

Clarify and support ideas Clarify or Strengthen speaker's points Combination to show the magnitude or seriousness issue Create an overall impact on listeners, but best used with visual aids

Use Examples to Clarify your Ideas

Clarify unfamiliar or complex ideas Put abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners can easily understand

When using testimony, it is best to make certain that the source A. represents both sides of an issue. B. is well known to the audience. C. has published material on the subject. D. is unbiased and objective. E. is qualified on the subject at hand.

D. is unbiased and objective. E. is qualified on the subject at hand.

Listeners usually find generalizations more interesting and convincing than specific statements.

False

Figurative Analog

Figurative: two entities are not in the same category but the characteristics of one can help the audience better understand the characteristics of another.

How does the following speech excerpt violate the guidelines for using supporting materials presented in your textbook? According to a study just released by General Motors, the safety record of automobiles manufactured in the United States is better than it has ever been. As General Motors states, "It's just not fair to say that automakers are not concerned about safety."

General Motors can hardly be considered an objective source on the safety record of the U.S. automobile industry. It may be true that cars made in the United States are safer than ever, but the statement would carry a lot more weight if it came from an impartial, objective source.

What role do examples play in your speech?

Gets the audience involved Research shown vivid, concrete examples have a strong impact on listen's beliefs and actions. Without examples, ideas often seem vague, impersonal, and lifeless With Examples, more specific, personal, and lively

Identify the Sources of Your Statistics

If you do not state where you get these statistics, your classmates may think it is wrong If speaker said where Statistics were from he/she would have been more successful

Use Statistics Sparingly

Insert statistics when needed, and make sure they are easy to grasp Use statistics that are most important

Use Visual Aids to Clarify Statistical Trends

Make sure your statistics are easy to comprehend Statistics strung together in a few sentences are hard to understand Visual Aids are helpful in presenting statistics

Supporting Materials

Materials used to support the speaker's ideas. The major kinds of supporting materials: examples, statistics, and testimony

Are the Statistical Measures Used Correctly?

Mean: Average Median: Middle figure in a group once figures are ordered highest to lowest Mode: Number that occurs the most

• Why should you use supporting materials in your speech?

Supproting materials strengthen your speech in many ways. 1. Build an audience Interest: must motivate your audience to focus through appealing supporting materials 2. Enhance Audience Understanding: if information is new make sure to have supporting info that will help audience to understand material presented 3. Strengthening Audience Memory: Give audience hooks from supporting materials.. help them remember!! 4. Winning Audience Agreement: Provide supporting data to show audience claim is true 5. Evoking Audience Emotion: touch on their emotions = humor to break up slum of statistics

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields Citing views of people who are experts are a good way to lend credibility to your speeches Important when topic is controversial or when the audience is skeptical about the speaker's point of view

What is the main advantage of using testimony in a speech?

The main advantage of using testimony is that it gives you instant credibility; quoting an expert is a way of saying, "I'm not the only one who has this idea; it has the backing of a leading authority on the subject."

Round Off Complicated Statistics

Unless important reason to give exact numbers, you should round off most statistics