Chapter 9-10: Protein Synthesis & Gene Expression
Mutagens
Chemicals that cause mutations in DNA
Location of Transcription
Nucleus
Type of mutation that leads to a truncated (shorter than usual) protein
Nonsense mutation
Missense mutation
Occurs when a mutation in DNA results in a different amino acid in a polypeptide
Nonsense mutation
Occurs when a mutation in DNA results in an early stop codon
Silent mutation
Occurs when a mutation in DNA results in the same amino acid sequence
Nucleotide
a monomer of nucleic acids; contains a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Result of a body cell mutation
Cellular malfunctions or cancer
Codon
3 nucleotides on mRNA that determine the amino acid
Anti-codon
3 nucleotides on tRNA that are complementary to mRNA
Operon
A group of related genes in bacteria
Point substitution
A type of mutation in DNA in which an incorrect nucleotide is substituted for a correct nucleotide
Frameshift insertion
A type of mutation in which extra nucleotides are added to DNA
Frameshift deletion
A type of mutation in which nucleotides are removed from DNA
Nitrogen bases in DNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine
Nitrogen Bases in RNA
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
Repressor protein
Blocks RNA Polymerase from transcribing genes in operon
tRNA
Brings amino acids to ribosome during translation
Exons
Coding (expressed) portions of pre-mRNA that are spliced together during RNA splicing
Function of RNA
Contain instructions for making 1 protein; used in translation
Template DNA
DNA strand used to make mRNA during transcription
5-Carbon sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
RNA Polymerase
Enyzme used to unzip gene and add RNA nucleotides during transcription
Regulatory gene
Gene that codes for the repressor protein
Structural genes
Genes in an operon; code for several proteins
DNA Methylation
How eukaryotes permanently turn off genes
Cytoplasm
Location of Translation
Type of mutation that can lead to new variations of a gene (alleles)
Missense mutation
Amino acid
Monomer of protein; 20 versions
Introns
Non-coding (non-expressed) portions of pre-mRNA that are removed during RNA Splicing
Result of a mutation in a gamete
Passed on to offspring, all cells in offspring carry the mutation
Translation
Process by which mRNA is used to produce a protein
Transciption
Process of producing a mRNA copy of a DNA gene
mRNA
Produced during Transcription; carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
5-Carbon sugar in RNA
Ribose
Stop codon
Signals the end of translation
AUG
Start codon; codes for methionine
Function of DNA
Store genetic information; hold instructions for making all proteins
Peptide
Type of bonds that hold amino acids together in a polypeptide
rRNA
Used to make ribosomes
Promoter region
Where RNA Polymerase bonds to DNA
Operator region
Where the repressor protein bonds to the DNA operon