Chapter 9
Postformal thinking
Many psychologists disagree with this and believe that there is a fifth stage in development (the postformal stage) decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts
What are the three domains for development? and define each
Physical development: growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness Cognitive development: learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity Psychosocial development: emotions, personality, and social relationships
Erik Erikson developed ________________ and how many stages did it have? was it continuous or discontinuous?
Psychosocial development and 8 stages and discontinuous
cognitive empathy
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
developmental milestone
approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops durning ________. Did he think that it development was continuous or discontinuous?
childhood and discontinuous
Explain schemata
concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
Explain accommodation
describes when they change their schemata based on new information → continues as children interact with their environment
Explain discontinuous development
development takes place in unique stages -Change is more sudden -Example: an infant's ability to conceive object permanence.
psychosocial development what is it and who created it?
domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships +process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
cognitive development
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial development
emphasized the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature Experience 8 stages of development Development is discontinuous Completion of tasks results in a sense of competence and healthy personality
formal operational stage
final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
sensorimotor stage
first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
object permanence
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
explain secure base
parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
preoperational stage
second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
Explain: Nature vs Nurture
seeks to understand how our personalities and traits are the product of our genetic makeup and biological factors, and how they are shaped by our environment, including our parents, peers, and culture.
normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
concrete operational stage
third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
Explains continuous development
views development as cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
Explain assimilation
when they take information that is comparable to what they already know
Jean Piaget created the _________? what is the name of each of the 4 stages.
Cognitive Theory of Development 1-Sensorimotor 2-Preoperational 3-Concrete operational 4-Formal operational
Explain theory-of-mind
Come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own
egocentrism
preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others
stage of moral reasoning
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
Explain achievement gap
refers to the persistence difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and in certain subjects sexes.