Chapter 9

Postformal thinking

Many psychologists disagree with this and believe that there is a fifth stage in development (the postformal stage) decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts

What are the three domains for development? and define each

Physical development: growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness Cognitive development: learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity Psychosocial development: emotions, personality, and social relationships

Erik Erikson developed ________________ and how many stages did it have? was it continuous or discontinuous?

Psychosocial development and 8 stages and discontinuous

cognitive empathy

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

developmental milestone

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops durning ________. Did he think that it development was continuous or discontinuous?

childhood and discontinuous

Explain schemata

concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information

Explain accommodation

describes when they change their schemata based on new information → continues as children interact with their environment

Explain discontinuous development

development takes place in unique stages -Change is more sudden -Example: an infant's ability to conceive object permanence.

psychosocial development what is it and who created it?

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships +process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

cognitive development

domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Psychosocial development

emphasized the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature Experience 8 stages of development Development is discontinuous Completion of tasks results in a sense of competence and healthy personality

formal operational stage

final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

sensorimotor stage

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

object permanence

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

explain secure base

parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

preoperational stage

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

Explain: Nature vs Nurture

seeks to understand how our personalities and traits are the product of our genetic makeup and biological factors, and how they are shaped by our environment, including our parents, peers, and culture.

normative approach

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

concrete operational stage

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

Explains continuous development

views development as cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

Explain assimilation

when they take information that is comparable to what they already know

Jean Piaget created the _________? what is the name of each of the 4 stages.

Cognitive Theory of Development 1-Sensorimotor 2-Preoperational 3-Concrete operational 4-Formal operational

Explain theory-of-mind

Come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own

egocentrism

preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others

stage of moral reasoning

process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development

Explain achievement gap

refers to the persistence difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and in certain subjects sexes.