Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
The calorie used on food labels is equal to ____ calories.
1000
The Krebs cycle's energy yields for___ ____ molecules
2 ATP
What is used to start the process of glycolysis?
2 ATP
Why is it an investment for the cell to use two ATP at the beginning of glycolysis?
2 ATP is the net gain
What is the end result of glycolysis?
2 molecules of pyruvic acid
The electron transport chain generates __ ATP molecules.
32
Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain generate about __ molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
36
_ ATP are synthesized during glycolysis for a net gain of _ ATP
4, 2
What is needed to start the Krebs cycle again?
4-carbon compound
What is the equation for cellular respiration using chemical formulas?
6O(2) + C(6)H(12)O(6) --> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP
At the end of glycolysis, about ___ percent of the chemical energy is locked in the bonds of the __________ molecule
90, pyruvic acid
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis & the Krebs cycle to convert ___ into ___
ADP, ATP
ATP synthase makes ___
ATP
Cells use the energy stored in chemical bonds of food to produce compounds that directly power the cell's activities, such as ___
ATP
What are three main sources of ATP available for human muscle cells?
ATP already in muscles, ATP made by lactic acid fermentation, ATP made by cellular respiration
The charge difference across the membrane forces H+ ions through channels in enzymes known as ___ _____. As the ___ ______ spin, a phosphate group is added to ADP, generating ATP
ATP synthase
Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in ____, ____, & __________
ATP, NADH, FADH(2)
Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ___, ___, & ____
ATP, NADH, FADH(2)
_____ pathways are processes that require oxygen.
Aerobic
Why are aerobic forms of exercise so beneficial for weight control?
After 15-20 minutes of exercise, the body breaks down stored fats for energy
_____ fermentation gives of carbon dioxide and is used in making bread
Alcoholic
_____ pathways are processes that occur without oxygen.
Anaerobic
What causes humans to become lactic acid fermenters?
Brief periods of no oxygen cause many cells to produce ATP to cause lactic acid fermentation.
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
CO(2), ATP, NADH, FADH(2)
_________ is the only product of the Krebs cycle that is not re-used or used in other stages of cellular respiration.
Carbon dioxide
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
A runner need morre energy for a longer race. How does the body generate that necessary energy?
Cellular respiration
______________ is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen
Cellular respiration
How does an understanding of the process of cellular respiration support the theory that the cell is the basic functional unit of life?
Cellular respiration happens in a cell, not in a particular organ.
____ ___ is the first compound formed in the Krebs cycle.
Citric acid
Compare and contrast the role of fermentation and cellular respiration in the actual production of ATP. In your response, consider which process produces ATP and which process contributes to its production.
For every molecule of glucose, cellular respiration produces 36 ATP molecules, while fermentation only produces 2 ATP (during glycolysis). Fermentation supplies glycolysis with NADP+ to keep it going. In cellular respiration, ATP is produced during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, & the electron transport chain.
Which stage(s) in cellular respiration do not require oxygen?
Glycolysis
_____ provides the pyruvic acid for fermentation.
Glycolysis
What are the three stages of cellular respirattions that capture energy from food?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
The passing of electrons through the electron transport chain causes __ ___ to build up in the intermembrane space, making it psitively charged relative to the matrix.
H+ ions
The transfer of high energy electrons down the electron transport chain causes ____ to be transported across the mitochondrial membrane
H+ ions
What are two advantages of glycolysis?
It is quick and doesn't require oxygen
Which stage(s) in cellular respiration require oxygen?
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
During a race, how do your mucle cells produce ATP after the store of ATP in muscles is used?
Lactic acid fermentation
High energy electrons are passed to the electron carrier ____, forming two molecules of NADH
NAD+
What is an important electron carrier in cellular respiration?
NAD+
What is the electron carrier that accepts electrons during glycolysis?
NAD+
What are the products of lactic acid fermentation?
NAD+ & lactic acid
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
NAD+, carbon dioxide, & alcohol
NAD+ accepts two high-energy electrons to form ____.
NADH
What does converting lactic acid to pyruvic acid require?
NADH
Along with pyruvic acid, 2 ATP molecules, & _____ is produced
NADH+
____ & ____ are known as the "backpack" molecules
NADH, FADH(2)
The Krebs cycle produces backpack molecules ____ & ____, _____ _____, __ ATP molecules (per glucose molecule), and the _________ molecule needed to start the process again.
NADH, FADH(2), carbon dioxide, 2, 4-carbon
Cells convert ____ to the electron carrier ____, which allows glycolysis to produce a steady stream of ___
NADH, NAD+, ATP
The electron carriers produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle bring high-energy elctrons to the electron transport chain. ____ is the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen
What is the function of fermentation?
Produce ATP without oxygen
WHat is the location of the electron transport chain?
The inner mitochandrial membrane
Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after his race is over?
The only way to get rid of lactic acid is through a chemical pathway with extra oxygen
T or F : Photosynthesis deposits energy in Earth's "savings account" for living organisms.
True
In the matrix, pyruvic acid is converted into ___ acid before the Krebs cycle begins
acetic
The compound that joins with a 4-carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle is called _______
acetyl-CoA
When pyruvic acid is rearranaged in the Krebs cycle, what does it make?
acetyl-CoA
Fermentation is an _____ process (aerobic/anaerobic)
anaerobic
A _____ is a unit of energy
calorie
Photosynthesis removes ________ from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back in.
carbon dioxide
In the matrix, pyruvic acid molecules are broken down into ___________ and __________ molecules
carbon dioxide, acetyl-CoA
What are teh products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the ______
cell membrane
For exercises longer then 90 seconds, ______ _____ is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP
cellular respiration
Energy is released when _____________________.
chemical bonds in food molecules are broken
Acetyl-CoA joins with a 4-carbon compound to make a 6-carbon compound called ________
citric acid
Acetyl-CoA then combines with a 4-carbon compound, producing a 6-carbon molecule called ________
citric acid
Krebs cycle is also reffered to as the _____ ____ cycle.
citric acid
Besides glucose, what other kinds of molecules can be used to produce ATP in cellular respiration?
complex carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called glycolysis, which takes place in the ______ of the cell.
cytoplasm
Fermentation occurs in the ______ of cells
cytoplasm
DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness
Photosynthesis "_____" energy while cellular respiration "______" it
deposits, withdraws
If cellular respiration took place in just one step, most of the ____ would be lost in the form of light & heat
energy
The Krebs cycle is a series of _____-______ reactions.
energy extracting
Alcoholic fermentation produces _________ and ______
ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration takes place in all ______ cells
eukaryotic
T or F : Photosynthesis takes place in nearly all life. (if false, correct the statement)
false, cellular respiration
______ releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen.
fermentation
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
glucose
What is the path of alcoholic fermentation??
glucose, pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the __________ of the mitochondrion
inner membrane
A calorie is also reffered to as a ________.
kilocalorie
Lactic acid fermentation produces ______
lactic acid
Most organisms perform fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid into ___________
lactic acid
Cellular respiration can produce (long-term/short-term) energy.
long-term
Pyruvic acid is brojen down into CO(2) and acetyl-CoA as soon as it hits the ____
matrix
The Krebs cycle takes place in the ____ of the mitochandria
matrix
The innermost compartment of the mitochandria is called the _____
matrix
Cellular respiration continues in the _______ of the cell with the Krebs Cycle.
mitochandria
What is the location(s) of the reactions in cellular respiration?
mitochandria and cytoplasm
For short, quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in ________ as well as ATP made by __________ _______ _______
muscles, lactic acid fermentation
Energy in photosynthesis and cellular respiration flow in _______ directions.
opposite
Krebs cycle operates only when _____ is available.
oxygen
Photosynthesis releases ______ into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that to release energy from food.
oxygen
WHat are the reactants in cellular respiration?
oxygen and glucose
What are the reactants in cellular respiration?
oxygen and glucose
ATP synthase produce the force needed to add one ____ to each ADP mmolecule by spinning when hydrogen ions flow through them.
phosphate
What is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle?
pyruvic acid
What are the reactants of fermentation??
pyruvic acid & NADH
The Krebs cycle process starts when the ________ from glycolysis enters the ______ of the cell.
pyruvic acid, mitochandria
Each time an electron moves down the elctron transport chain, it ___ ___
releases energy
What does glycolysis literally mean?
sugar breaking
What is cellular respiration's function?
to release energy
There are ___ types of fermentation. Both start with the reactants _________ and ____
two, pyruvic acid, NADH
