Chapter 9- Cognitive Psychology

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

Crowding

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Family resemblance

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs by not all do) is...

Family resemblance

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? Trial One: An owl is a bird Trial Two: A penguin is a bird Trial Three: A sparrow is a bird A. 518, 583, 653 B. 653, 583, 518 C. 583, 653, 518 D. 583, 518, 653

583, 653, 518

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it does not explain how humans can recognize _______.

Abstractions

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Connection weights

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Connectionist

The definitional approach to categorization

Does not work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

Exemplar

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob does not think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

More exemplars than Bob's

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

Prototype

A person who has been diagnosed with _______ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts

Semantic

The __________ model includes associates between concepts and the property of spreading activation

Semantic network

According to the sensory functional hypothesis, our ability ti differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ______ and one that distinguishes ______.

Sensory attributes; function

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ________ into their network model

Spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ______ family resemblances

Strong

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

Superordinate level to basic level

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Working units

The definitional approach to categorization

sets define criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

A task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n)

Artifact

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

Concepts

spreading activation

Creates new links between associated concepts

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

Node

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be traveled through the network

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a memory of the category. Their results showed...

The priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _______ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird"

The same as

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than kiwi

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach