Chapter 9- Cognitive Psychology
It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
Crowding
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
Family resemblance
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs by not all do) is...
Family resemblance
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? Trial One: An owl is a bird Trial Two: A penguin is a bird Trial Three: A sparrow is a bird A. 518, 583, 653 B. 653, 583, 518 C. 583, 653, 518 D. 583, 518, 653
583, 653, 518
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
A field sparrow is an animal
One criticism of the embodied approach is that it does not explain how humans can recognize _______.
Abstractions
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
Category members that have been encountered in the past
According to the typicality effect,
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?
Cognitive economy
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
Connection weights
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
Connectionist
The definitional approach to categorization
Does not work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
Exemplar
Which of the following represents a basic level item?
Guitar
Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob does not think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves
More exemplars than Bob's
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
Prototype
A person who has been diagnosed with _______ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts
Semantic
The __________ model includes associates between concepts and the property of spreading activation
Semantic network
According to the sensory functional hypothesis, our ability ti differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ______ and one that distinguishes ______.
Sensory attributes; function
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ________ into their network model
Spreading activation
Items high on prototypicality have ______ family resemblances
Strong
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ______ categories results in the largest gain in information.
Superordinate level to basic level
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
Working units
The definitional approach to categorization
sets define criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
A task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A turtle is an animal
According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?
Anterior temporal lobe
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n)
Artifact
Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."
Concepts
spreading activation
Creates new links between associated concepts
In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a
Node
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Parallel distributed processing theory
According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?
Synapse activity
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
The distance that must be traveled through the network
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a memory of the category. Their results showed...
The priming effect was most robust for basic level categories
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _______ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird"
The same as
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than kiwi
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.
Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?
The embodied approach