Chapter 9: Gender and Work

25. Nadya is a supervisor who is known to motivate and mentor her employees. She is working from a ______. A. transformational leader model B. dictator boss model C. democratic leader model D. nurturing boss model

A. transformational leader model

30. Naomi and Angelo are a dual-earner family and just had their first child. Based on the research on the second shift, we can infer that ______. A. Naomi will likely take on a greater share of childcare B. Angelo will likely take on a greater share of childcare C. Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally D. Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally only if they were splitting household chores equally before having the baby

A. Naomi will likely take on a greater share of childcare

8. Based on the research, what can you infer about a woman who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace? A. a reduction in her hirability and likability B. a reduction in her likability but an increase in her hirability C. an increase in her hirability and likability D. a reduction in hirability but an increase in her likability

A. a reduction in her hirability and likability

2. Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______. A. female-dominated occupations B. male-dominated occupations C. occupations least impacted by the motherhood penalty D. occupations most impacted by the motherhood penalty

A. female-dominated occupations

11. In one study (O'Brien et al., 2012), female and male undergraduates were given a task and then asked to fill out a measure of entitlement, reporting on how much they thought they deserved to be paid for their work. The participants were also given the option of awarding themselves bonuses privately from an envelope containing $5. The researchers found that women completed more work with greater accuracy than men. They also found that ______. A. men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did B. women reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did C. men reported they deserved higher pay, but women paid themselves higher in bonuses than men did D. women reported they deserved higher pay, but men paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did

A. men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did

20. Kala, a woman, is the founder and leader of the local daycare center. Based on the research, we can infer that her leadership skills will be judged as ______. A. more effective than a man in her same position B. less effective than a man in her same position C. similarly effective as a man in her same position D. not important when compared to other factors

A. more effective than a man in her same position

17. One national study (Fidas & Cooper, 2015) surveyed LGBT people and found that more than half reported hiding their sexual orientation or gender identity in the workplace, and more than one third reported feeling compelled to lie about their personal lives at work. This is mainly a reflection of ______. A. the workplace climate B. explicit discrimination from upper management C. the majority of colleagues being accepting of gender identities D. LGBT workers feeling insecure about their identities

A. the workplace climate

18. Fidas and Cooper (2015) also found the ______ of non-LGBT respondents said it was "unprofessional" to talk about sexual orientation or gender identity at work. A. 55% B. 70% C. 28% D. 45%

B. 70%

21. When considering management style, a female leader will likely receive better evaluations if she adopts a ______ style of leadership. A. autocratic or dictatorial B. democratic and nurturing C. assertive and direct D. confrontational or bossy

B. democratic and nurturing

12. Williams et al. (2010) found that the tendency to overestimate men's salaries was linked to the participants' ______. A. conscious sexism B. implicit stereotypes C. explicit biases D. sense of entitlement

B. implicit stereotypes

4. An intersectional analysis suggests that women in ______ may also experience a more severe motherhood penalty. A. high-wage work B. low-wage work C. the STEM fields D. stereotypical fields of work

B. low-wage work

13. Mr. Garcia, who is the president of H & I Enterprises, uses more masculine words (e.g., leader, competitive, dominant) in the job ad he puts out into the newspaper and online. Based on the research, what can we infer that ______. A. more men work at H & I Enterprises B. more men than women will apply for that job C. an equal amount of women and men will apply for the job D. women will find the job appealing

B. more men than women will apply for that job

27. The complexities of work-life issues demonstrate the importance of the ______ of roles. A. quantity B. quality C. diversity D. compensation

B. quality

23. The perceived gender role incongruity of dominance or assertiveness depends on gender as well as ______. A. socioeconomic status B. race C. culture D. language

B. race

6. The idea that women are paid less than men is because they don't negotiate for higher pay as well as men do is an example of ______. A. the compensation negotiation principle B. the female deficit explanation C. gender discrimination D. gendered negotiation skills

B. the female deficit explanation

29. Hochschild (1989, 2012) concluding that, if "work" is defined as including work for pay outside the home plus work done in the home, then women worked, on average, ______ hr more per week than men did. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

C. 15

1. Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn. A. 67 B. 76 C. 81 D. 92

C. 81

24. Livingston et al. (2012) compared evaluations of leaders at the intersection of race and gender, asking participants to rate leaders who were (a) Black or White (b), female or male, and (c) dominant and assertive or communal and compassionate. The researchers found that ______. A. White women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance B. White men and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White women were penalized for expressing dominance C. White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance D. Black women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while White women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance

C. White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance

15. In a classic experiment done by Goldberg, 1968, participants read and evaluated essays written either by a male author or female author. The essays were identical except for the names of the authors. Results showed that ______. A. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors B. there was no significant gender difference in ratings C. essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors D. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors when the topic of the essay was traditionally feminine

C. essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors

26. As more professional degrees are awarded to women in selected professions in which there have been substantial advances (e.g., dentistry, medicine, law), ______ will surely decrease. A. gender discrimination B. explicit sexism C. occupational segregation D. the motherhood penalty

C. occupational segregation

3. Bus-drivers, editors and reports, and college and university teachers are examples of ______. A. male-dominated occupations B. female-dominated occupations C. occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio D. occupations that are further from an equal gender ratio

C. occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio

16. Research shows that there is typically less gender bias in the evaluation of work and hiring decisions when ______. A. the occupations were segregated B. the applicant meets all qualifications C. raters are given more information about the applicant D. the rater is a woman

C. raters are given more information about the applicant

7. The gender difference in outcomes of wage negotiation is dependent on ______. A. the gender of the supervisor or boss B. the gender of the worker C. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation D. how negotiable the wage of the occupation is

C. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation

19. Women may be promoted and move up in ranks in their company, but there is a point past which they can't seem to rise any further. The term ______ is often used to reflect this phenomenon. A. workplace climate B. gender discrimination C. the glass ceiling D. the upper limit

C. the glass ceiling

10. Women having less of a sense of entitlement to high pay than men do leads them to ______. A. seek wage increases B. leave the workforce earlier than men C. tolerate wage injustice D. seek promotions in order to increase wages

C. tolerate wage injustice

5. Which of the following is a factor in reducing the motherhood penalty? A. gendered roles in the workplace B. fathers taking advantage of paternity leave C. paying women more when they are first hired D. improved access to childcare

D. improved access to childcare

9. Occupational segregation by gender, the chronic underpayment of women and of women's work, and the lack of equal opportunities for women are examples of ______. A. reasons women believe they are more entitled to more pay B. discrimination in the workplace C. reasons many women decide to leave the workforce once they have children D. inequalities in the social structure in the United States

D. inequalities in the social structure in the United States

22. Research shows that people perceive women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership positions. Further, when women engage in leadership behavior, the behavior is evaluated less favorably than the same behavior enacted by a man. These findings support which theory? A. the glass ceiling theory B. gender bias theory C. leadership gender gap theory D. role congruity theory

D. role congruity theory

28. If Maria has a productive day at work, she might bring feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction home with her, being in a generally positive mood when she interacts with her child and partner. Alternatively, if her child has a tantrum at preschool drop-off, putting Maria in a bad mood just as she starts her workday, it may impact her work. This is an example of ______. A. compensation B. quality roles C. role flooding D. spillover

D. spillover

14. Gendered wording in job ads is an example of ______. A. explicit sexism and discrimination B. old-fashioned sexism C. occupational segregation D. subtle ways modern sexism persists

D. subtle ways modern sexism persists