Chapter 9
Which of the following examples represents overregularization? a. "Daddy goed" b. understanding that sheep remains "sheep" in plural c. assuming that all brown, furry creatures are dogs d. "Mommy walked"
a. "Daddy goed"
How would a preoperational child explain the presence of food on his or her plate? a. "Mommy put it there." b. "Because I wanted it." c. "Because I am hungry." d. "I asked for it."
a. "Mommy put it there."
Approximately what age is Ronald, who thinks that all dark-skinned people come only from Africa? a. 3 to 6 b. 6 to 10 c. 10 to 14 d. 14 to 18
a. 3 to 6
Which of the following questions is a preoperational child most likely to answer correctly? a. Do you think people made oceans? b. Where did the moon come from? c. Why is the grass green? d. Why is the sun hot?
a. Do you think people made oceans?
As described in the textbook, HOME is an acronym for which of the following? a. Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment b. Helping Our Memories Effectively c. Health Openness and Mental Efficiency scale d. Human Optimal Memory Exchange
a. Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment
Understanding class inclusion requires an understanding of which of the following? a. reversibility b. symbolic thought c. egocentrism d. animism
a. reversibility
What is the most successful children's educational TV show? a. Sesame Street b. Max and Ruby c. Mister Rogers' Neighborhood d. Dora the Explorer
a. Sesame Street
Who developed the concept of private speech? a. Vygotsky b. Freud c. Piaget d. Bandura
a. Vygotsky
. In terms of word learning, what is fast mapping? a. a process in which the child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate content b. a process by which children learn active words faster than passive words c. the tendency for young children to associate words with particular characteristics of objects d. the belief that novel terms refer to unfamiliar objects
a. a process in which the child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate content
Research indicates that the appearance-reality distinction first appears by what age? a. age three b. age four c. age five d. age six
a. age three
At what age does research indicate that children, under certain conditions, can understand false beliefs? a. age three and younger b. age four c. age five d. age six
a. age three and younger
Understanding mass and volume requires which of the following? a. an understanding of conservation b. preoperational thinking c. irreversibility d. comprehension of math
a. an understanding of conservation
Believing that mountains "grow" is an example of which of the following? a. artificialism b. animism c. egocentrism d. preoperations
a. artificialism
Which of the following examples represents a whole-object assumption? a. assuming that "doggy" refers to the dog rather than to its tail or colour b. assuming that the labels "doggy" and "lemur" each can refer to only one object c. assuming that all things that bark are "dogs" d. assuming the meaning of a word after hearing it only once
a. assuming that "doggy" refers to the dog rather than to its tail or colour
Which of the following is suggested in recent research? a. children can take the perspective of others at an earlier age than Piaget believed b. children cannot take the perspective of others until approximately age seven c. Piaget's age ranges were very much on target d. practice can influence when children can take the perspective of others
a. children can take the perspective of others at an earlier age than Piaget believed
Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. This is an example of which of the following? a. egocentrism b. concrete operations c. symbolic thinking d. cognitive flexibility
a. egocentrism
Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story? a. focusing the child's attention on important details b. allowing the child to discuss the story with friends c. not correcting the child's misunderstandings d. agreeing with the child's perspective on the story
a. focusing the child's attention on important details
Which of the following describes pretend play among children? a. it is indicative of academic success in later years b. it is entirely random c. it is unusual until the age of five d. it is more common among girls than boys
a. it is indicative of academic success in later years
How can concentration and centration be compared? a. lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation b. centration causes one to have the ability of conservation c. centration and conservation are unrelated d. conservation causes centration
a. lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation
Autobiographical memory appears to be linked to which of the following? a. language development b. maturation of predetermined cognitive functions c. the child's tendency to ignore what happens to others d. childhood egocentrism
a. language development
Repetition is the same as which of the following? a. rehearsal b. memorization c. categorization d. recall
a. rehearsal
What is the term for an abstract, generalized account of repeated events? a. script b. chunk c. hierarchy d. semantic node
a. script
What is assumed in "transductive" reasoning? a. separate events have cause-effect relationships b. others see the world in the same way you do c. there is no consistency in the world d. there is only right and wrong when reasoning
a. separate events have cause-effect relationships
What is scaffolding? a. temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task b. a hierarchy of knowledge in memory c. an achievement test sometimes given to young children d. mentoring a young child in his/her emotional development
a. temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task
Which of the following is believed by the typical four-year-old? a. that dreams are real b. that words are symbolic c. that people view the world differently d. that everyone is his or her friend
a. that dreams are real
Conservation requires an understanding regarding which of the following? a. that properties of objects remain the same even if you change their shape or arrangement b. that dreams are real c. that one's perspective is the same as other people's d. that environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people
a. that properties of objects remain the same even if you change their shape or arrangement
A preoperational child would assume which of the following? a. that tall glasses hold more than short glasses b. that objects that are out of sight have ceased to exist c. that subtraction is easier than addition d. that small people need to eat more than large people
a. that tall glasses hold more than short glasses
Which of the following is required in conservation? a. the ability to reverse one's thinking b. the ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation c. preoperational thinking d. the inability to adapt and change
a. the ability to reverse one's thinking
Which of the following represents a child's "zone of proximal development"? a. the gap between what the child can do now and what she can do with help b. the degree of difference between the child's current ability and future potential c. what younger children can do in comparison to what older children can do d. what a young child can do in comparison to his or her peers
a. the gap between what the child can do now and what she can do with help
Which of the following may enhance the success of early intervention programs? a. the involvement of parents b. starting the intervention at an earlier age c. providing more government resources d. education for the parents
a. the involvement of parents
Which of the following did Piaget use to test for egocentrism? a. the three-mountains test b. object permanence c. conservation d. the checkerboard test
a. the three-mountains test
Which of the following can be concluded regarding preschool-aged children? a. their recognition memory is as good as that of older children b. their recall memory is as good as that of older children c. there has been very little research done on preschooler memory d. children recall objects much more readily than activities
a. their recognition memory is as good as that of older children
What is the term used to describe an adult's understanding of how the mind functions? a. theory of mind b. common sense c. logical assessment d. cognitive reasoning
a. theory of mind
Which of the following represents class inclusion? a. understanding that "animal" includes such subclasses as "dogs" and "cats" b. being able to engage in addition and subtraction c. being able to recite the multiplication tables d. being able to place objects in order according to some characteristic
a. understanding that "animal" includes such subclasses as "dogs" and "cats"
Which of the following is a mental representation? a. understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie b. being able to use words to express thought c. being able to draw what something looks like d. the ability to think of an object while looking at it
a. understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie
Which of the following would a three-year-old remember best? a. what she did while making pretend cookies out of clay b. what she did while playing in a sandbox c. what she did while playing at a friend's house d. what she did while watching a movie she had not seen before
a. what she did while making pretend cookies out of clay
Which of the following sentences would be most difficult for a two-year-old to understand? a. "Mommy went to the store to get some milk." b. "The food is eaten by the dog." c. "The car hit the truck." d. "The cat chased the mouse."
b. "The food is eaten by the dog."
At what age to most interethnic friendships develop? a. 3 to 6 b. 6 to 10 c. 10 to 14 d. 14 to 18
b. 6 to 10
What age would a child most likely be if she described her friend as being Mexican, speaking Spanish, and eating Mexican-style food? a. 3 to 6 b. 6 to 10 c. 10 to 14 d. 14 to 18
b. 6 to 10
Which of the following is a preschool intervention program? a. HOME b. Aboriginal Head Start c. Individualized Attention Intervention d. PREVENT
b. Aboriginal Head Start
Which of the following names is associated with longitudinal research on the effects of viewing Sesame Street? a. Piaget b. Cole c. Gibson d. Riker
b. Cole
Which name is associated with the concept of zone of proximal development? a. Freud b. Vygotsky c. Piaget d. Beck
b. Vygotsky
What is "theory of mind"? a. a summary phrase for Piaget's theory b. a commonsense understanding of how the mind works c. one-dimensional thinking d. three-dimensional thinking
b. a commonsense understanding of how the mind works
A child falls down and exclaims "The sidewalk tripped me!" This is an example of which of the following? a. artificialism b. animism c. egocentrism d. preoperations
b. animism
Unlike his two-year-old brother, Nathan, who is seven years old, understands that there is no such thing as monsters underneath his bed. What is the term used to describe this concept? a. reality check b. appearance-reality distinction c. real versus fake concept d. false mental representation theory
b. appearance-reality distinction
Which of the following is a recall task? a. a multiple-choice test b. asking a child to recite provincial and territorial capital cities c. completing a survey d. a matching test
b. asking a child to recite provincial and territorial capital cities
What type of memory recalls events that happened in one's life? a. hedonistic memory b. autobiographical memory c. egocentric memory d. self-centered memory
b. autobiographical memory
Why might class inclusion tasks be difficult for the preoperational child? a. because they require the ability of seriation b. because they require the child to focus on multiple dimensions simultaneously c. Because they require the ability to think in a concrete manner only d. because the preoperational child's thinking is too linear
b. because they require the child to focus on multiple dimensions simultaneously
Three-year-olds have a difficult time with which of the following? a. understanding that objects that cannot be seen continue to exist b. believing that changes in shape involve changes in substance c. creating schemas d. realizing that they are entities separate from the environment
b. believing that changes in shape involve changes in substance
Which of the following illustrates egocentrism? a. assuming that all people have different opinions b. believing that people can see your dreams c. thinking that people misinterpret whatever you are feeling d. feeling that everyone else is more important
b. believing that people can see your dreams
What are the effects of television commercial viewing on children? a. children under the age of 10 are not influenced by commercials b. children who watch more television are more likely to believe commercial advertising c. prior to age 7 or 8, children do not understand the selling intent of TV advertising d. commercials have a positive effect on social development
b. children who watch more television are more likely to believe commercial advertising
Being able to pretend involves which of the following? a. imitation of friends and siblings b. cognitive sophistication c. egocentrism d. scaffolding
b. cognitive sophistication
Students enrolled in French immersion programs in Canada tend to do which of the following? a. struggle in main subject areas b. do as well as their English-only peers c. perform well only in certain subject areas d. learn material at a slower rate overall
b. do as well as their English-only peers
Which of the following words or phrases is inconsistent with the concept of egocentrism? a. preoperational b. empathy c. centration d. self-centered
b. empathy
What is centration? a. reversibility in thinking b. focusing on only one aspect of a problem c. loss of egocentrism d. ability to multitask
b. focusing on only one aspect of a problem
Which of the following would increase a young child's memory for an event? a. if the activities happened for the first time b. if the activities occurred in a particular order c. if the activities were engaged in by the child's mother d. if the activities were random in nature
b. if the activities occurred in a particular order
Violent pretend play is associated with which of the following? a. higher levels of empathy b. increased antisocial behaviour in later childhood c. increased withdrawal from friends and family d. increased risk of criminal behaviour in adulthood
b. increased antisocial behaviour in later childhood`
According to Schneider (2010), which of the following contributes to memory among young children? a. emotional attachment b. motivation c. the significance of the experience d. the age of the child
b. motivation
Which of the following ideas represents a contrast assumption? a. novel terms must refer to something that you already know b. objects have only one label c. words refer to whole objects and not characteristics of objects d. similar objects must belong to the same category
b. objects have only one label
What could symbolic play also be called? a. concrete operational play b. pretend play c. sensorimotor play d. egocentric play
b. pretend play
Zoe is trying to remember her new friend Casey's phone number. She repeats it several times out loud to herself. What is the name for this memory strategy? a. practice b. rehearsal c. verbalization d. recounting
b. rehearsal
One way to enhance memory is to do which of the following? a. record the event b. repetitively repeat the material c. write it down on paper d. use cue cards
b. repetitively repeat the material
A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie her shoes and then gradually turns over the responsibility for the task to the child is exhibiting which of the following? a. the zone of proximal development b. scaffolding c. attachment d. conservation
b. scaffolding
You ask a child the question "Why does the sun shine?" and she responds "Because it wants to." Which of the following most likely describes this child? a. she is age two or younger b. she is approximately age three or older c. she is demonstrating lack of egocentrism d. she is unable to understand conservation
b. she is approximately age three or older
Caleb is three years old. He is likely to believe which of the following? a. that others have different likes and dislikes b. that others can "see" his dreams c. that dreams are just imagination d. that other people do not think the same way he does
b. that others can "see" his dreams
Which of the following occurs with cognitive scaffolding? a. children are taught complex tasks so that easier ones are more readily understood b. the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled c. permanent help is given upon which the child then becomes dependent d. the amount of help given is increased as the child ages
b. the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled
Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed? a. these children have very limited stimulation from their parents b. these children are at greater risk for school failure c. these children usually have fewer social skills and more emotional problems d. the programs help make up for genetic weaknesses that affect intelligence
b. these children are at greater risk for school failure
How did other researchers change Piaget's conservation task, resulting in improved performance for young children? a. they gave the children more examples b. they "lead" the child to expect a change c. they used different colours of liquid d. they used sweet liquids that children like
b. they "lead" the child to expect a change
How are mental operations viewed? a. they are unusual prior to age 10 b. they are flexible and reversible c. they can be seen as early as 18 months of age d. they are common during adolescence
b. they are flexible and reversible
At what age do children demonstrate confusion between symbols and the objects they represent? a. one to three years b. two to four years c. three to five years d. seven to nine years
b. two to four years
Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age three? a. allowing the child to learn independently b. verbally responsive parenting c. access to quality day-care environments d. repetitive learning tasks in the home environment
b. verbally responsive parenting
Do newborns have memory skills? a. no; memory does not develop until several months after birth b. yes, and the skills improve dramatically during the first two years of life c. it depends upon prenatal exposure to learning situations d. it depends upon prenatal nutrition
b. yes, and the skills improve dramatically during the first two years of life
Which of the following is an example of a child using pragmatics with his parent? a. "Gimme my box of crayons." b. "Go outside now." c. "More milk and cookies, please." d. "Go potty later."
c. "More milk and cookies, please."
. How many subscales does the HOME inventory contain? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
c. 6
According to research, what is the optimum age to help children to avoid prejudice by teaching them about people from various cultural backgrounds? a. 2-4 years b. 5-7 years c. 6-14 years d. 15-19 years
c. 6-14 years
The term scaffolding is associated with which of the following? a. Piaget's concept of conservation b. Freud's concept of intrapsychic conflict c. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development d. Erikson's concept of psychosocial development
c. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
The concept of scaffolding can be attributed to which theorist? a. Piaget b. Freud c. Vygotsky d. Beck
c. Vygotsky
Overregularization is caused by which of the following? a. poor grammatical modelling from parents b. the fact that children know so few grammatical rules c. a child's understanding of syntax d. the fact that children are learning words too quickly
c. a child's understanding of syntax
Which of the following is a recognition task? a. an essay test b. a fill-in-the-blank test c. a multiple-choice test d. asking a child to recite provincial and territorial capital cities
c. a multiple-choice test
When asked what happens during a birthday party, a three-year-old says, "You play games, open presents, and eat cake." This description represents which of the following? a. an autobiographical memory b. an episodic memory c. a script d. a schedule
c. a script
Which of the following is related to the development of working memory, self-control, and the ability to pay sustained attention to problems? a. possession of theory of mind b. possession of appearance-reality distinction c. ability to understand false beliefs d. ability to rationalize
c. ability to understand false beliefs
The ability to engage in mathematical transformations such as subtraction requires which of the following? a. an understanding of object permanence b. an awareness of one's egocentrism c. an understanding of conservation d. an understanding of inclusion
c. an understanding of conservation
"The sun is sad" is an example of which of the following? a. egocentrism b. artificialism c. animism d. conservation
c. animism
What is a retrieval cue? a. something that helps us place important information into memory b. an iconic code that makes memories stronger c. any trigger that helps us pull something from memory d. a semantic code that makes memory more efficient
c. any trigger that helps us pull something from memory
At what age do children appear to develop a theory of mind? a. not before grade school b. not until around age seven or eight c. as early as preschool d. it varies greatly based upon gender
c. as early as preschool
Which of the following statements is true regarding imaginary friends? a. they are a sign of serious pathology b. they are extremely rare c. as many as 65 percent of preschoolers have them d. they are more common in later-born children
c. as many as 65 percent of preschoolers have them
Which of the following is required when playing a game such as checkers? a. preoperational thinking b. egocentric thinking c. cognitive flexibility d. ability to predict the opponent's moves
c. cognitive flexibility
What seems to enhance the effectiveness of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children? a. starting no later than age one b. focusing on teaching the value of education c. encouraging parental involvement in the program d. if they have siblings involved in the program
c. encouraging parental involvement in the program
Which of the following represents an understanding of conservation? a. knowing that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen b. having the ability to take the perspective of someone else c. having the ability to consider intention in determining someone's guilt d. having the ability to imagine what someone else is feeling
c. having the ability to consider intention in determining someone's guilt
You ask a child the question "Why does it get dark outside?" and he responds "So I can go to sleep." Which of the following most likely describes this child? a. he is operational in thinking b. he is demonstrating causal thinking c. he is engaging in egocentric thinking d. he is less than two years of age
c. he is engaging in egocentric thinking
HOME is a better predictor of young children's later IQ scores than which of the following? a. exposure to a multitude of educational toys b. quality of day care c. infant IQ d. ethnicity
c. infant IQ
What does a good scaffolding strategy provide for the child? a. the answers b. more help than the child needs to show you care about her or his performance c. information just a little higher than the child's current capability d. assistance geared to the child's capabilities
c. information just a little higher than the child's current capability
What did Piaget believe about the preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. it is characterized by sensorimotor intelligence b. it involves the use of concrete reasoning c. it lasts from approximately age two to age seven d. it occurs in the fetus and the neonate
c. it lasts from approximately age two to age seven
Which of the following may influence a child's egocentrism? a. amount of sleep b. number of siblings c. language development d. mental health
c. language development
. In four-year-old children, which of the following assists memory more? a. maternal assistance b. being internally motivated c. maternal assistance and internal motivation, depending on the memory task d. repetition of the memory
c. maternal assistance and internal motivation, depending on the memory task
A group of three-year-olds was shown a cookie box. They consistently believed that there were cookies inside. But when the box was opened, it had gumballs inside. When the children were asked what they had thought was in the box before it was opened, they now said "gumballs." What is this scenario an example of? a. overregulation b. appearance-reality distinction c. mental representations d. false beliefs
c. mental representations
When does pretend play usually appear? a. by approximately 6 months of age b. by around 9 months of age c. sometime in the second year d. by 36 months of age
c. sometime in the second year
Which of the following is accurate regarding television viewing? a. Canadian children spend more than 20 hours a week watching television b. by age 6, the average child watches 2 to 3 hours of television per day c. television has great potential for teaching cognitive skills and attitudes to children d. children show a definite improvement in language development after general television viewing
c. television has great potential for teaching cognitive skills and attitudes to children
To most four-year-olds, dreams are like which of the following? a. games b. make believe c. books d. movies
d. movies
Understanding mental representations involves comprehending which of the following? a. that objects we cannot see continue to exist b. that changes in shape do not involve changes in substance c. that appearance and reality do not always match d. that out of sight is out of mind
c. that appearance and reality do not always match
In a study involving mothers and their children, Clarke-Stewart and Beck (1999) found that the quality of stories retold by children was related to which of the following? a. the age of the child b. the sex of the child c. the scaffolding strategies used by their mothers d. the type of bond the mother has with the child
c. the scaffolding strategies used by their mothers
Which of the following describes preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children? a. the early effects are only somewhat dramatic b. many studies show that the positive effects are only short-term c. these children have been compared with children of similar backgrounds who did not complete such programs d. these children are still held back in classes for slow learners
c. these children have been compared with children of similar backgrounds who did not complete such programs
Which of the following describes the effects of regularly viewing Sesame Street? a. they are positive for Caucasian children only b. they are inconsistent c. they seem to apply across race, gender, and living condition d. they are positive for boys, but not for girls
c. they seem to apply across race, gender, and living condition
At what age does a child's egocentric speech gradually disappear? a. one year b. two years c. three to five years d. four to seven years
c. three to five years
Josie believes that she should eat chocolate and candy every day because it makes her smile. This is an example of which of the following? a. artificialism b. animism c. transductive reasoning d. egocentrism
c. transductive reasoning
Children can remember organized sequences of events they have experienced at as young as what age? a. 16 months b. 2 years c. 18 months d. 12 months
d. 12 months
Rocky is an 8-year-old Canadian boy who loves to watch TV. What is the average number of hours of TV watched a week by Canadian children aged 2 to 11? a. 9.5 hours b. 11.5 hours c. 13.5 hours d. 15.5 hours
d. 15.5 hours
At what age can a child be taught to use rehearsal strategies? a. 6 months b. 18 months c. 24 months d. 36 months
d. 36 months
Which of the following is a preschool program designed to enhance the cognitive development and academic skills of economically disadvantaged children? a. Jump Start b. HOME c. Focus d. Head Start
d. Head Start
What type of childhood experience can be remembered in detail for numerous years? a. a birthday party b. a trip with parents c. a school fire drill d. a devastating hurricane
d. a devastating hurricane
At what age do children begin to show an ability to deceive others? a. age 1 b. age 18 months c. age 2 d. age 4
d. age 4
Piaget believed that the appearance-reality distinction appeared at what age? a. age three b. age four c. age five d. age seven or eight
d. age seven or eight
Which of the following describes the memory of preschool-aged children? a. it is very poor b. it is just as good as that of older children c. preschoolers can recall many more items than they can recognize d. children frequently remember what they want to remember
d. children frequently remember what they want to remember
Which of the following involves using symbols? a. preoperational thought b. mathematical computation c. pretend play d. creative thought
d. creative thought
A child who cannot take someone else's perspective would be characterized as which of the following? a. formal operational b. concrete operational c. unusual d. egocentric
d. egocentric
At what age do children start to spontaneously use the rehearsal memory strategy? a. two years b. three years c. four years d. five years
d. five years
. What are operations? a. a type of imaginary play b. mental acts c. a process leading to maturation d. flexible actions by a child
d. flexible actions by a child
According to Quintana and Rabasca, how many levels of understanding regarding ethnicity and race do children undergo? a. one b. two c. three d. four
d. four
Preoperational children's failure to show conservation occurs because of which characteristic? a. egocentrism b. precausal thinking c. transductive reasoning d. irreversibility
d. irreversibility
What are the effects of television viewing on children? a. it clearly has positive effects on impulse control b. it causes children to be more restless c. it stifles the imagination d. it depends upon what shows are being watched
d. it depends upon what shows are being watched
Angie is writing a test to determine her students' abilities to recognize information. What format should Angie use for the test? a. true-or-false questions b. fill-in-the-blank questions c. essay questions d. multiple-choice questions
d. multiple-choice questions
. Dustin is a child who is described as someone who "cannot yet engage in flexible and reversible mental operations." What term describes Dustin? a. selfish b. simple-minded c. self-absorbed d. preoperational
d. preoperational
Which of the following describes children with imaginary companions? a. they are more aggressive than those without such companions b. they are less cooperative than those without such companions c. they have fewer "real" friends than those without such companions d. they show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development
d. they show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development
Three-year-olds show better recognition and recall for which kinds of toys? a. toys they have not seen before b. toys that are expensive c. toys that are brightly coloured d. toys in which they are interested
d. toys in which they are interested
Do preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children facilitate cognitive development? a. no, because the quality of education is not as enriched b. yes, but they place undue pressure on young children c. no, but they do improve social skills d. yes, because they provide environmental enrichment
d. yes, because they provide environmental enrichment
Can preschool intervention programs have long-term positive outcomes? a. no; the IQ gains always fade b. no; in fact they result in even poorer performance in high school and college c. yes; the IQ gains are proven to last, but only for girls d. yes; the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes
d. yes; the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes
