Chapter 9
_______________, also known as theory-of-mind, relates to the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others
Cognitive empathy
____________ occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
Conception
_____________ views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
Continuous development
________________ (1902-1994) another stage theorist, took Freud's theory and modified it as psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson
_____________ focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
Fine motor skills
________________ focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements
Gross motor skills
With _____________, the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves
avoidant attachment
_______________ (1896-1980) is another stage theorist who studied childhood development
Jean Piaget
Psychologist _______________ (1927-1987) extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development
Lawrence Kohlberg
_____________ was a Russian psychologist who proposed a sociocultural theory of development
Lev Vygotsky
_____________ refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
Motor skills
In the chapter on development in your text, in the acronym DNR, the R is an abbreviation for ________.
Resuscitate
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
Schemata
___________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
Schemata
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Early maturing girls are ________.
at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
With the _______________, the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child's point of view
authoritative style
During this stage, we also expect children to display ________________, which means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others
egocentrism
Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called an _____________
embryo
Ainsworth used the Strange Situation procedure to study moral development.
false
The fourth, and last, stage in Piaget's theory is the ________________, which is from about age 11 to adulthood
formal operational stage
During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.
frontal
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
Females experience _____________, the beginning of menstrual periods, usually around 12-13 years old, and males experience ______________, the first ejaculation, around 13-14 years old
menarche & spermarche
Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.
milestones
During the first week after conception, the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on. This is called...
mitosis
All healthy babies are born with ______________: inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation
newborn reflexes
Between 5 and 8 months old, the child develops _________________, which is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
object permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
object permanence
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
For parents who employ the ______________ of parenting, the kids run the show and anything goes. Permissive parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
permissive style
________ involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
physical development
The ___________ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
placenta
Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.
post-conventional
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
It is important that the mother takes good care of herself and receives ______________, which is medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus
prenatal care
Piaget's second stage is the _______________, which is from approximately 2 to 7 years old
preoperational stage
Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.
proxy
Freud's stages are called the stages of ___________
psychosexual development
Erikson's __________________ theory emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature
psychosocial development
In cases of _____________, children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure's attempts to interact with them
resistant attachment
A ___________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
zygote
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.
sensorimotor
The first stage is the _____________ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years old
sensorimotor
As we get older, _______________ suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years
socioemotional selectivity theory
After presenting people with this and various other moral dilemmas, Kohlberg reviewed people's responses and placed them in different ________________
stages of moral reasoning
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
surveys
A ____________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
teratogen
The deepening of the voice of a boy is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic.
true
To determine the level of egocentrism displayed by children, Jean Piaget developed the Three-Mountain Task in which children view a 3-dimensional mountain scene from one viewpoint. The children are asked what another person at a different viewpoint would see in the same scene.
true
With the _______________ of parenting, the parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful
uninvolved style
_____________ is when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know
Assimilation
_______________ describes when they change their schemata based on new information
Accommodation
______________ is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood, which is discussed later
Adolescence
According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.
Erik Erikson
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
Physical
_________________ are organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries in females and testes in males
Primary sexual characteristics
____________ involves emotions, personality, and social relationships
Psychosocial development
__________________ are physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs, such as development of breasts and hips in females, and development of facial hair and a deepened voice in males
Secondary sexual characteristics
Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?
Sigmund Freud
______________ (1856-1939) believed that personality develops during early childhood
Sigmund Freud
______________ refers to innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
Temperament
The first stage of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was Denial. T or F?
True
Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?
Vygotsky
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
Several physical changes occur during puberty, such as ____________ and _____________, the maturing of the adrenal glands and sex glands, respectively
adrenarche & gonadarche
__________ involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
cognitive development
During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.
concrete operational
Piaget's third stage is the ________________, which occurs from about 7 to 11 years old
concrete operational stage
The goal of hospice care is to provide
death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting
Although children develop at slightly different rates, we can use these age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events called _____________
developmental milestones
In contrast, theorists who view development as ______________ believe that development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages
discontinuous
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
disorganized
Finally, children with _______________ behaved oddly in the Strange Situation
disorganized attachment
In 1967 that reality began to change with Cicely Saunders, who created the first modern __________ in England
hospice
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.
identity vs. confusion
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs. despair
Children in the concrete operational stage also understand the principle of _____________, which means that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition
reversibility
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
A ____________ is a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
secure base
