chapter eight
define gomphosis
"peg in socket" fibrous joint
define autoimmune disease
A disorder in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
*Review the general source of uric acid. Explain why it must be excreted:
A normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism. It is normally excreted in urine without any problems. However, when blood levels of uric acid rise excessively (due to it excessive production or slow excretion), it may be deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints.
List and describe three factors that influence the stability of synovial joints
Articular surfaces, Ligaments, and Muscle Tone
Name two additional "friction - reducing" structures that are sometimes found in synovial joints:
Bursae and tendon sheaths
Name and describe the type of movement that occurs at plane joints:
Carpals and Metacarpals, tarsals and metatarsals
Identify one area of the body where plane joints are found.
Flat, articular surfaces. Carpals and Metacarpals, tarsals and metatarsals, Nonaxial movement-gliding
extension
Make an angle longer (Opposite to flexion)
flexion
Make an angle smaller (opposite to extension)
list and describe three types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis- most common. Called 'wear and tear' arthritis. Related to aging process. More women than men are affected. Nearly everyone will develop the condition by age 80. Gouty arthritis (Gout): uric acid crystals form in joints. A normal waste product usually found at the base of the big toe. Far more common in men than women, genetic factors are definitely implicated. Can be cured. Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune disease.
Which of the three types of arthritis is an autoimmune disease?:
Rheumatoid arthritis.
List the three functional classifications of joints.
Synarthroses-immovable joints, Aphiarthroses-slightly moveable joints, and Diarthroses-freely movable joints.
*Describe the process by which synovial fluid forms: derived largely by filtration from blood flowing through the capillaries in the synovial membrane.
Synovial fluid has a viscous, egg-white consistency due to hyaluronic acid secreted by cells in the synovial membrane, but it thins and becomes less viscous during joint activity.
Differentiate between plasma and synovial fluid
Synovial fluid=plasma-large plasma proteins.
articular cartilage
These thin (1mm or less) but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.
hyperextension
above and beyond a 180-degree angle
describe in general what the structural classification of joints means
answering the question " what kind of tissue is found between bones?"
describe in general what the functional classification of joints means
answering the question "how much movement occurs at joint?"
define phalanges
are called digits: thumb= 1st digit, pinky=5th digit
describe saddle
both articular surfaces are concave and convex. One bone looks like a saddle. Adduction and abduction. Flexion and extension.
name the type of tissue that is found between bones in a cartilaginous joint
cartilage
name & describe the location of the sutures found in the human skull
coronal suture, lambdoid suture, squamous suture, occipitomastoid suture
describe the general structure of a hinge joint
cylinder & trough connect
list two types of fibrous connective tissue
dense regular CT & dense irregular CT
give two examples of synchondrosis
epiphyseal plate and joint between first rib and sternum
joint cavity
feature unique to synovial joints, the joint cavity is really just a potential space that contains a small amount of synovial joint
name the type of tissue that is found between bones in fibrous joint
fibrous connective tissue
list two types of movement occur at the hinge joint
flexion and extension
23. Are synovial joints classified as immovable, slightly movable or freely movable?
freely movable
define diarthrosis
freely movable
Is "diarthrosis" a structural or functional classification?
functional
is amphiarthrosis structural or functional
functional
is synarthrosis a structural or function classification
functional
dorsiflextion
heel down
define periodontal ligament
hold tooth in the socket
identify one place in the body where a hinge joint is found
humerus & ulna
name the specific type of cartilage that is found between bones in a symphysis
hyaline
name the specific type of tissue that is found between bones in synchondrosis
hyaline
are gomphosis classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable joints
immovable
are sutures classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable joints
immovable
are synchondrosis classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable
immovable
is syndesmosis classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable joints
immovable
define synarthrosis
immovable joint
define arthritis
inflammation of the joints
give two examples of symphysis
intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis
fibrous layer of the articular capsule
is composed of dense irregular C.T. that is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones. Strengthens the joint so that the bones are not pulled apart.
define syndesmosis
joints held together by a ligament, example is fibula and tibia being held together by ligament
retraction
move a body part backward or posteriorly
protraction
move a body part forward or anteriorly
depression
move a body part inferiorly
elevation
move a body part superiorly
supination
movement of the hand palm up
abduction
movements that are done with limbs moving arm or leg away from the trunk of the body
adduction
movements that are done with limbs-moving arm or leg toward the trunk of the body
circumduction
moving a limb in a circular movement
Which is the most important of these factors?:
muscle tone
synovial fluid
occupies all free space within joint capsule
rotation
one bone moves and one stays put
pronation
palms down
plantar flextion
pointing toes
define ligaments
reinforce and strengthen synovial joint
which type of movement takes place at a pivot joint
rotation
define condyle
rounded projection
describe ball & socket
similar to condylar joint except the rounded depression and projections are bigger. Flexion and extension. Adduction and abduction. Rotation.
define amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joints
describe condylar
some are rounded projection and if it is small, it is called a rounded depression sometimes called a fossa. Flexion and extension. Adduction and abduction.
is cartilaginous joint structural or functional
structural
is fibrous joint a structural or functional classification
structural
list three types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, & gophosis
give the functional classification of all fibrous joints
synarthroses
synovial membrane
the inner layer of the joint capsule; composed of loose C.T.. Covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage. Function is to make synovial fluid.
articular capsule
the joint cavity is enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule, or joint capsule.
opposition
thumbs are opposable to each finger (dogs and birds cannot do this)
inversion
turning sole foot in
eversion
turning sole foot out
describe plane joints
when two flat surfaces are connected
Define Joint
where two or more bone come together
