chapter eight

define gomphosis

"peg in socket" fibrous joint

define autoimmune disease

A disorder in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.

*Review the general source of uric acid. Explain why it must be excreted:

A normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism. It is normally excreted in urine without any problems. However, when blood levels of uric acid rise excessively (due to it excessive production or slow excretion), it may be deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints.

List and describe three factors that influence the stability of synovial joints

Articular surfaces, Ligaments, and Muscle Tone

Name two additional "friction - reducing" structures that are sometimes found in synovial joints:

Bursae and tendon sheaths

Name and describe the type of movement that occurs at plane joints:

Carpals and Metacarpals, tarsals and metatarsals

Identify one area of the body where plane joints are found.

Flat, articular surfaces. Carpals and Metacarpals, tarsals and metatarsals, Nonaxial movement-gliding

extension

Make an angle longer (Opposite to flexion)

flexion

Make an angle smaller (opposite to extension)

list and describe three types of arthritis

Osteoarthritis- most common. Called 'wear and tear' arthritis. Related to aging process. More women than men are affected. Nearly everyone will develop the condition by age 80. Gouty arthritis (Gout): uric acid crystals form in joints. A normal waste product usually found at the base of the big toe. Far more common in men than women, genetic factors are definitely implicated. Can be cured. Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune disease.

Which of the three types of arthritis is an autoimmune disease?:

Rheumatoid arthritis.

List the three functional classifications of joints.

Synarthroses-immovable joints, Aphiarthroses-slightly moveable joints, and Diarthroses-freely movable joints.

*Describe the process by which synovial fluid forms: derived largely by filtration from blood flowing through the capillaries in the synovial membrane.

Synovial fluid has a viscous, egg-white consistency due to hyaluronic acid secreted by cells in the synovial membrane, but it thins and becomes less viscous during joint activity.

Differentiate between plasma and synovial fluid

Synovial fluid=plasma-large plasma proteins.

articular cartilage

These thin (1mm or less) but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.

hyperextension

above and beyond a 180-degree angle

describe in general what the structural classification of joints means

answering the question " what kind of tissue is found between bones?"

describe in general what the functional classification of joints means

answering the question "how much movement occurs at joint?"

define phalanges

are called digits: thumb= 1st digit, pinky=5th digit

describe saddle

both articular surfaces are concave and convex. One bone looks like a saddle. Adduction and abduction. Flexion and extension.

name the type of tissue that is found between bones in a cartilaginous joint

cartilage

name & describe the location of the sutures found in the human skull

coronal suture, lambdoid suture, squamous suture, occipitomastoid suture

describe the general structure of a hinge joint

cylinder & trough connect

list two types of fibrous connective tissue

dense regular CT & dense irregular CT

give two examples of synchondrosis

epiphyseal plate and joint between first rib and sternum

joint cavity

feature unique to synovial joints, the joint cavity is really just a potential space that contains a small amount of synovial joint

name the type of tissue that is found between bones in fibrous joint

fibrous connective tissue

list two types of movement occur at the hinge joint

flexion and extension

23. Are synovial joints classified as immovable, slightly movable or freely movable?

freely movable

define diarthrosis

freely movable

Is "diarthrosis" a structural or functional classification?

functional

is amphiarthrosis structural or functional

functional

is synarthrosis a structural or function classification

functional

dorsiflextion

heel down

define periodontal ligament

hold tooth in the socket

identify one place in the body where a hinge joint is found

humerus & ulna

name the specific type of cartilage that is found between bones in a symphysis

hyaline

name the specific type of tissue that is found between bones in synchondrosis

hyaline

are gomphosis classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable joints

immovable

are sutures classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable joints

immovable

are synchondrosis classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable

immovable

is syndesmosis classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable joints

immovable

define synarthrosis

immovable joint

define arthritis

inflammation of the joints

give two examples of symphysis

intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

fibrous layer of the articular capsule

is composed of dense irregular C.T. that is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones. Strengthens the joint so that the bones are not pulled apart.

define syndesmosis

joints held together by a ligament, example is fibula and tibia being held together by ligament

retraction

move a body part backward or posteriorly

protraction

move a body part forward or anteriorly

depression

move a body part inferiorly

elevation

move a body part superiorly

supination

movement of the hand palm up

abduction

movements that are done with limbs moving arm or leg away from the trunk of the body

adduction

movements that are done with limbs-moving arm or leg toward the trunk of the body

circumduction

moving a limb in a circular movement

Which is the most important of these factors?:

muscle tone

synovial fluid

occupies all free space within joint capsule

rotation

one bone moves and one stays put

pronation

palms down

plantar flextion

pointing toes

define ligaments

reinforce and strengthen synovial joint

which type of movement takes place at a pivot joint

rotation

define condyle

rounded projection

describe ball & socket

similar to condylar joint except the rounded depression and projections are bigger. Flexion and extension. Adduction and abduction. Rotation.

define amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joints

describe condylar

some are rounded projection and if it is small, it is called a rounded depression sometimes called a fossa. Flexion and extension. Adduction and abduction.

is cartilaginous joint structural or functional

structural

is fibrous joint a structural or functional classification

structural

list three types of fibrous joints

suture, syndesmosis, & gophosis

give the functional classification of all fibrous joints

synarthroses

synovial membrane

the inner layer of the joint capsule; composed of loose C.T.. Covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage. Function is to make synovial fluid.

articular capsule

the joint cavity is enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule, or joint capsule.

opposition

thumbs are opposable to each finger (dogs and birds cannot do this)

inversion

turning sole foot in

eversion

turning sole foot out

describe plane joints

when two flat surfaces are connected

Define Joint

where two or more bone come together