chapter five
By what percentage did the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increase over the time period shown on this graph?
24%
The United States has 4% of the world's population, but produces ____ of the emissions of carbon dioxide.
25%
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .
A
Chlorophyll can be found in _____.
A&C
The light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to generate NADPH and
ATP
Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?
All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.
Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas by______________
Allowing radiation from the sun to reach Earth and absorb in the reradiated hear
Stomata on a plant's surface ______________
Are found in stack called thylakoids
_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
B
Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+
C
Photorespiration is greatly reduced in plants with either___ or ____ photosynthesis.
C4 or CAM
How do C4 plants differ from C3 plants?
C4 plants utilize carbon dioxide even when stomata are closed.
Fossil fuel emissions are changing the climate by warming temperatures and modifying rainfall patterns.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acts as a blanket warming Earth and changing the speed of the water cycle.
Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, in which energy from light transforms carbon dioxide into sugars and other carbohydrates.
Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?
E
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
E, stroma
Which hypothesis is supported by the data on this graph?
High levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cause high air temperatures.
Water has a high heat absorbing capacity because ______________
Initial energy inputs are first used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules and only after these are broken, to raise the temperature
How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000?
It increased by about 0.7 °C.
According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100?
It will increase by about 3.5 °C.
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
NADPH
Which of the following is a false statement about photosynthesis?
Oxygen produced during the Calvin cycle is released into the atmosphere
Plant growth alone cannot prevent global warming; changes in human behavior are needed as well.
People can reduce their individual carbon dioxide emissions through a variety of actions, including strategies to increase efficiency and to use less energy overall.
select the true statement regarding metabolism in plant and animal cells
Plant cells perform cellular respiration and photosynthesis and animal cells perform aerobic respiration only
Plants remove less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when exposed to hot, dry conditions.
Plants conserve water by closing pores called stomata. This increases the likelihood of photorespiration, which releases, instead of stores, carbon.
What is the most effective way to decrease greenhouse gas emissions?
Reduce the amount of gasoline you use.
The burning of fossil fuels__________
Releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Primarily occurs as a result f human activity Is contributing to global warming Is possible thanks to photosynthesis that occurred millions of years ago
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP
Fossil fuel burning increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Some carbon is stored as coal, oil, and natural gas. Combustion of these fossil fuels releases this carbon (as carbon dioxide) back to the atmosphere.
Why might increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, caused by human activities, threaten living organisms?
The amount of heat radiating into space from Earth is reduced, causing Earth's climate to warm.
Which of the following statements are supported by the graph?
The level of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii has increased over the last 50 years. CO2 levels vary seasonally throughout the year.
In what way will plants be affected by increased CO2 levels?
They may experience higher rates of photorespiration as temperatures warm.
Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty?
Today's World
What does the yellow line represent?
Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.
Photorespiration occurs ______________
Under hot and dry conditions When oxygen is incorporated in the first stop of the Calvin cycle
temperature
a measure of the intensity of heat or kinetic energy
light reactions
a sense of reactions that occur in chloroplasts during photosynthesis and serve to convert energy from the sun into energy stored in ATP. These reactions also produce oxygen gas.
Light Independent Reactions
a series of reactions that occur in the chloroplast during photosynthesis and that utilize NADPH and ATP to reduce carbon dioxide and produce sugars.
In addition to warming the planet, excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in causing the oceans to become more
acidic
trans-
across or to the other side
Which is most analogous to increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?
adding a thicker blanket to your bed so that your body heat is trapped, rather than being lost to the air in your room
Chloroplast
an organelle plan found in plant cells that absorbs sunlight and uses the energy derived to produce sugars.
Compared with levels over the past 400,000 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is
at its highest
greenhouse gases
atmospheric gas such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone that absorb heat and thus contribute to the greenhouse effect.
Carbon dioxide taken up by plants and algae is converted into
carbohydrates
The size of stomatal openings can _____ due to the activities of guard cells.
change
global climate change
changes in regional patterns of temperature and precipitation that are occurring around Earth as a result of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis transforms light energy into ____ energy
chemical
hotosynthesis takes place within organelles called
chloroplasts
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
cytoplasm
Which human activity generates the most carbon dioxide?
driving
guard cells
either of the paired cells encircling stomata that serve to regulate the size of the stomatal pore in leaves.
Most people can make the largest reduction in their individual emissions by choosing the most efficient
emissions
Heat is a measure of the total molecular _____ within a material.
energy
True or False: Water that is stored underground does not re-enter the atmosphere.
false
Air bubbles trapped in ___ ____ provide information about carbon dioxide levels on Earth in the distant past.
fossil air
What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph?
global surface warming, in °Celsius
Photorespiration is a wasteful process that results in the release of
glycolate
Higher temperatures have ______ the speed of the water cycle on Earth.
greater
chloro-
green
chlorophyll
green pigment found in the chloroplast of plant cells.
Carbon dioxide is one of several ____ gases.
greenhouse
More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to more _______trapped near Earth's surface.
heat
Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?
large, broad leaves
-phyll
leaf
photo-
light
transpiration
means evaporation of water from the inside of leaves.
Photorespiration
means release of carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.
Compared with trees, grasses absorb ____ carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
more
transpiration
movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a plant, powered by evaporation of water at the leaves and the cohesive and adhesive properties of water.
fossil fules
nonrenewable resource consisting of the buried remains of ancient plants that have been transformed by heat and pressure into coal and oil.
Water is used as a source of electrons in the light reactions resulting in the production of _____ as a waste product.
oxygen
Which of the following does not occur during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
oxygen is split, releasing water
Energy and electrons generated by the light reactions of photosynthesis are used to make ____ from ______
oxygen; water
Fossil fuels include
petroleum, coal, natural gas
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
photorespiration
stomata
pores on the photosynthetic surfaces of plants that allow air into the internal structure of leaves and green stems. Stomata also provide portals through which water can escape.
Photosynthesis
process by which plants along with algae and some bacteria transform light energy to chemical energy.
Political leaders may disagree on the most appropriate response to climate change, but it is unreasonable to disagree about the science, which tells us that global warming is
real
chloroplast
refers to the green organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
chlorophyll
refers to the green pigment molecule found in leaves.
Carbon cycles among living organisms, the atmosphere, water, and
rock
Which is most likely to lead to an increase in flooding in coastal cities?
sea level rise due to melting glaciers
photorespiration
series of reactions triggered by the closing of stomatal openings to prevent water loss.
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
six
Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
stomata
Which structures allow the flow of carbon dioxide into a plant?
stomata
Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?
the black line representing 20th century data
Which has led to most of the observed additional CO2 in the atmosphere over the last 50 years?
the release of CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels
deforestation
the removal of forest lands often to enable the development of agriculture.
greenhouse effect
the retention of heat in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
heat
the total amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance.
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
three
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
The majority of emissions from an individual country comes from industry. The second largest source of emissions is from
transportation
True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.
true
A dual-axis graph contains ________.
two y-axis
Pores called stomata on the leaf surface permit gas exchange but also the loss of _____ from the plant.
water
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water ; NADPH
Liquid water, when heated, turns into
water vapor