chapter five

By what percentage did the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increase over the time period shown on this graph?

24%

The United States has 4% of the world's population, but produces ____ of the emissions of carbon dioxide.

25%

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .

A

Chlorophyll can be found in _____.

A&C

The light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to generate NADPH and

ATP

Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?

All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.

Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas by______________

Allowing radiation from the sun to reach Earth and absorb in the reradiated hear

Stomata on a plant's surface ______________

Are found in stack called thylakoids

_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

B

Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+

C

Photorespiration is greatly reduced in plants with either___ or ____ photosynthesis.

C4 or CAM

How do C4 plants differ from C3 plants?

C4 plants utilize carbon dioxide even when stomata are closed.

Fossil fuel emissions are changing the climate by warming temperatures and modifying rainfall patterns.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acts as a blanket warming Earth and changing the speed of the water cycle.

Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, in which energy from light transforms carbon dioxide into sugars and other carbohydrates.

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

E

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

E, stroma

Which hypothesis is supported by the data on this graph?

High levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cause high air temperatures.

Water has a high heat absorbing capacity because ______________

Initial energy inputs are first used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules and only after these are broken, to raise the temperature

How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000?

It increased by about 0.7 °C.

According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100?

It will increase by about 3.5 °C.

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.

NADPH

Which of the following is a false statement about photosynthesis?

Oxygen produced during the Calvin cycle is released into the atmosphere

Plant growth alone cannot prevent global warming; changes in human behavior are needed as well.

People can reduce their individual carbon dioxide emissions through a variety of actions, including strategies to increase efficiency and to use less energy overall.

select the true statement regarding metabolism in plant and animal cells

Plant cells perform cellular respiration and photosynthesis and animal cells perform aerobic respiration only

Plants remove less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when exposed to hot, dry conditions.

Plants conserve water by closing pores called stomata. This increases the likelihood of photorespiration, which releases, instead of stores, carbon.

What is the most effective way to decrease greenhouse gas emissions?

Reduce the amount of gasoline you use.

The burning of fossil fuels__________

Releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Primarily occurs as a result f human activity Is contributing to global warming Is possible thanks to photosynthesis that occurred millions of years ago

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

RuBP

Fossil fuel burning increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Some carbon is stored as coal, oil, and natural gas. Combustion of these fossil fuels releases this carbon (as carbon dioxide) back to the atmosphere.

Why might increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, caused by human activities, threaten living organisms?

The amount of heat radiating into space from Earth is reduced, causing Earth's climate to warm.

Which of the following statements are supported by the graph?

The level of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii has increased over the last 50 years. CO2 levels vary seasonally throughout the year.

In what way will plants be affected by increased CO2 levels?

They may experience higher rates of photorespiration as temperatures warm.

Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty?

Today's World

What does the yellow line represent?

Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.

Photorespiration occurs ______________

Under hot and dry conditions When oxygen is incorporated in the first stop of the Calvin cycle

temperature

a measure of the intensity of heat or kinetic energy

light reactions

a sense of reactions that occur in chloroplasts during photosynthesis and serve to convert energy from the sun into energy stored in ATP. These reactions also produce oxygen gas.

Light Independent Reactions

a series of reactions that occur in the chloroplast during photosynthesis and that utilize NADPH and ATP to reduce carbon dioxide and produce sugars.

In addition to warming the planet, excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in causing the oceans to become more

acidic

trans-

across or to the other side

Which is most analogous to increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?

adding a thicker blanket to your bed so that your body heat is trapped, rather than being lost to the air in your room

Chloroplast

an organelle plan found in plant cells that absorbs sunlight and uses the energy derived to produce sugars.

Compared with levels over the past 400,000 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is

at its highest

greenhouse gases

atmospheric gas such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone that absorb heat and thus contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Carbon dioxide taken up by plants and algae is converted into

carbohydrates

The size of stomatal openings can _____ due to the activities of guard cells.

change

global climate change

changes in regional patterns of temperature and precipitation that are occurring around Earth as a result of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis transforms light energy into ____ energy

chemical

hotosynthesis takes place within organelles called

chloroplasts

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

cytoplasm

Which human activity generates the most carbon dioxide?

driving

guard cells

either of the paired cells encircling stomata that serve to regulate the size of the stomatal pore in leaves.

Most people can make the largest reduction in their individual emissions by choosing the most efficient

emissions

Heat is a measure of the total molecular _____ within a material.

energy

True or False: Water that is stored underground does not re-enter the atmosphere.

false

Air bubbles trapped in ___ ____ provide information about carbon dioxide levels on Earth in the distant past.

fossil air

What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph?

global surface warming, in °Celsius

Photorespiration is a wasteful process that results in the release of

glycolate

Higher temperatures have ______ the speed of the water cycle on Earth.

greater

chloro-

green

chlorophyll

green pigment found in the chloroplast of plant cells.

Carbon dioxide is one of several ____ gases.

greenhouse

More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to more _______trapped near Earth's surface.

heat

Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?

large, broad leaves

-phyll

leaf

photo-

light

transpiration

means evaporation of water from the inside of leaves.

Photorespiration

means release of carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.

Compared with trees, grasses absorb ____ carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

more

transpiration

movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a plant, powered by evaporation of water at the leaves and the cohesive and adhesive properties of water.

fossil fules

nonrenewable resource consisting of the buried remains of ancient plants that have been transformed by heat and pressure into coal and oil.

Water is used as a source of electrons in the light reactions resulting in the production of _____ as a waste product.

oxygen

Which of the following does not occur during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

oxygen is split, releasing water

Energy and electrons generated by the light reactions of photosynthesis are used to make ____ from ______

oxygen; water

Fossil fuels include

petroleum, coal, natural gas

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.

photorespiration

stomata

pores on the photosynthetic surfaces of plants that allow air into the internal structure of leaves and green stems. Stomata also provide portals through which water can escape.

Photosynthesis

process by which plants along with algae and some bacteria transform light energy to chemical energy.

Political leaders may disagree on the most appropriate response to climate change, but it is unreasonable to disagree about the science, which tells us that global warming is

real

chloroplast

refers to the green organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

chlorophyll

refers to the green pigment molecule found in leaves.

Carbon cycles among living organisms, the atmosphere, water, and

rock

Which is most likely to lead to an increase in flooding in coastal cities?

sea level rise due to melting glaciers

photorespiration

series of reactions triggered by the closing of stomatal openings to prevent water loss.

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

six

Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?

stomata

Which structures allow the flow of carbon dioxide into a plant?

stomata

Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?

the black line representing 20th century data

Which has led to most of the observed additional CO2 in the atmosphere over the last 50 years?

the release of CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels

deforestation

the removal of forest lands often to enable the development of agriculture.

greenhouse effect

the retention of heat in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

heat

the total amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance.

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?

three

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.

transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs

The majority of emissions from an individual country comes from industry. The second largest source of emissions is from

transportation

True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.

true

A dual-axis graph contains ________.

two y-axis

Pores called stomata on the leaf surface permit gas exchange but also the loss of _____ from the plant.

water

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

water ; NADPH

Liquid water, when heated, turns into

water vapor