Chapter one

Gais et al.'s research on the impact of sleep on memory consolidation illustrates which type of approach to the study of the operations of the mind?

Physiological

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?

Tolman

Which of the following events is most closely associated with the decline of behaviorism as an approach to psychology?

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

Donders' reaction time experiment was performed using stimuli in which of the following senso-ry modalities?

Vision

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was

Wilhelm Wundt.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

inborn programming

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the com-puter screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n) _________ experiment

information processing

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning.

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took ______ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.

1/10 second

What year is usually cited as the "birthday" of cognitive science (pick the closest year)?

1956

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiment discussed in your text?

3 letter nonsense words

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

A diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

Analytic introspection

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B.F. Skinner

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?

It produces variable results from person to person

The use of the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by

John McCarthy

Which of the following was considered positive by the behaviorists?

Observable behavior

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?

a. Donald Broadbent

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that

all of these

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as

analytic introspection

The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as

artificial intelligence.

In Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

choice reaction time task.

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

cognitive psychology

The relationship between the _____ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists.

cognitive task and the mental response

1. The example at the beginning of the book, in which Raphael talks to his friend on a cell phone on his way to class, was used to illustrate how

complex but seemingly effortless human cognition is.

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of

computers.

Donders' main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making.

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus.

The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to

measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

According to your text, the behavioral approach to the study of the mind involves

measuring the relation between stimuli and behavior.

The process during which information is strengthened and transformed into a strong memory that is resistant to interference is known as

memory consolidation.

Broadbent's notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop that can be tested by further experiments

models

Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.

positive reinforcers

Reaction time refers to the time between the ________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

An important contribution to the field of psychology resulting from Wilhelm Wundt founding his laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879 was

producing Ph.D.s who later established psychology departments at many U.S. universities.

According to Ebbinghaus' savings curve, savings is a function of

retention interval.

In Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a

simple reaction time task.

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their comput-er program

solved logic problems

A common feature of both a reaction time experiment and an operant conditioning experiment is

the measurement of behavior

At the MIT Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

there are limits to the human ability to process information

The "cognitive revolution"

was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades