Chapter One: Understanding Computer Programming Exam Prep

Where do anti-virus programs place infected files for you to review and clean?

quarantine

Which of the following is a physical safety feature that can reduce risk to business data?

A backup power generator

This uses more human-readable source code and can be compiled or converted into machine code for a specific platform.

A high-level compiled language

This may be transferred between computer systems in source format and turned into machine language by an interpreter program.

A high-level interpreted language

What is easy to read, has powerful statements, and will generally run on more than one type of computer system.

A high-level programming language

This allows programmers to write CPU-level instructions using short character sequences.

A low-level assembly language

This is distributed in source form and designed to run within a scripting engine on the target computer.

A scripted language

Which of the following is an example of application software?

A word processing program

If you create a virus to infect other computers, which of the ACM ethical principles have you violated?

All of these are correct(Contribute positively/Do no harm/Respect privacy)

Which of the following is a security risk for personal and business information?

All of these are correct(Infected Applications/Stolen data/Lost data)

Which of the following concepts are commonly found in EULAs?

All of these( Don't copy or sell/Licensed, not sold/Use at your own risk)

Applications are any kind of software that runs on top of the operating system. There are many kinds of applications that do different things. Applications are the software that you work with as a computer user. Common applications include business software like spreadsheets and word processors, educational software such as math tutorials, web browsers and email programs, and even fun software like screensavers and computer games. An application is the software that you work with as a computer user such as spreadsheets, word processors and email clients and video games.

Applications

What programming language allows programmers to write individual CPU-level instructions using short character sequences that can be directly translated into machine language?

Assembly Language

How do some companies restrict your rights to copy software as listed in the U.S. Copyright Act?

By selling you a license under a EULA to use the software instead of full rights

One of the first programming languages for Windows programs was the "" language. This language has been around for many decades and was used almost exclusively in the early years of Windows programming. The language is very powerful, but lacks some of the modern niceties of later languages.

C

(pronounced "C-sharp") was developed by Microsoft in order to compete with Java and take advantage of lessons learned during the evolution of earlier languages. , like Java, is an object-oriented language with a large library of pre-built objects to make programming easier. The libraries tend to be more Windows-specific, allowing programmers to fully utilize the power of the Windows operating system. was first released 2002 and has gained popularity for a wide range of applications.

C#

is an object-oriented language, created by Microsoft, that has a large library of pre-built objects for the Windows operating system.

C#

The language (also called "C with Classes"), adds some object-oriented concepts to the original C language. These concepts allow programmers to create and re-use large libraries of common code. Object-oriented programming reduces the need to re-create code for common methods like displaying a window on the screen..

C++

The language added object-oriented concepts to the original C language.

C++

Which language was created by adding object-oriented concepts added to an earlier language?

C++

Which of the following is not a peripheral?

CPU

Which part of a computer is responsible for executing the software programs?

CPU

is used to represent chemistry concepts such as molecules and reactions

Chemical Markup Language(ChemML)

Which security and privacy law is intended to protect children while they are online?

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

This is the process of turning human-readable source code into native machine language. When a program is compiled, it is completely translated into machine code. Machine code is the native language of all computers and is represented as a series of 1s and 0s. This translation into machine code will result in a program that is tailor-made for a specific operating system and processor. If you need to create the same program for a different operating system, you would have to change the settings in your compiler and re-compile the program to produce a different executable.

Compiling

This is the process of turning human-readable source code into native machine language for a specific operating system and processor.

Compiling(short answer)

This language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. All text that humans read, from poetry to fiction to grocery lists, is written in some language such as English, French, or Spanish. In the same way, all computer operating systems, device drivers, and application software must be written in this language. There are many types of this language with strange names such as "C", "C++", "C#", "FORTRAN", "COBOL", "Pascal", "assembly", "Java", or "Basic" to name a few. Each language was created for some reason as computers evolved, and those that survive today have particular strengths that make them useful to programmers.

Computer Language

What type of computer is a full system with separate monitor, keyboard, mouse, and peripherals?

Desktop

If you want to install a new type of printer on your computer, what kind of software might you need to make it work?

Device driver

This software program is a small piece of software that works at a low level within the operating system to support a peripheral such as a mouse or printer. The purpose of this software program is to make a piece of hardware, such as mouse or printer, work with the operating system. Just because you plug in some fancy new printer doesn't mean your computer can use it right away! You may first have to install the software program that knows how to talk with the printer. Once you install the software program, then you can use the printer from one of your applications!

Device drivers

Which of the following security strategies can help protect private data?

Encrypt data as it moves between locations

Which of the following is an example of secondary memory?

Hard Drive

High level languages use more human-readable source code and can be compiled or converted into machine code for multiple operating systems and platforms. Only the compiled machine code is distributed to target computers to run. The program may not use the fastest possible instructions for the target computer, but it's easier to write code using powerful language statements and development environments.

High-Level Compiled Language

What programming language uses more human-readable source code and can be compiled or converted into machine code?

High-Level Compiled Language

High level languages may also be interpreted, which means the source code itself is transferred between computer systems and turned into machine language by an interpreter program.

High-Level Interpreted Language

In what kind of programming language is the source code transferred between computer systems and turned into machine language by an interpreter program?

High-Level Interpreted Language

is used to control and format the display of information in web pages

Hyper-Text Markup Language(HTML)

The Eclipse software, which we will use to create programs in this class, is a type of application. This software is called, which helps programmers easily design, write and debug programs in one application.

IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

Who created the Java programming language?

In the early 1990s, a company called Sun Microsystems created a new programming language called "Java". The first version of Java (version 1.0) was publicly released in January of 1996.

The Microsoft Visual Studio C++ provides a graphical way to design screens in an application. It also provides a large library of pre-built classes called the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) to make working with most aspects of Windows programming easier.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

The source code of languages is sent to the target computer and converted into machine code at run-time by an interpreter program.

Interpreted(slightly longer)

What is a computer's primary memory?

It holds the running programs and active data on your computer.

Why is Visual Basic sometimes used for "Rapid Application Development"?

It's very easy to get a program up and running quickly

In the early 1990s, a company called Sun Microsystems created a new programming language called "". was created from the ground up as a purely object-oriented language. The language was easier to use than C++ in many respects, which made it instantly popular with new programmers. We'll be using in this course! also allows programmers to write a program one time and then run on many different operating systems, not just Windows. In the early 1990s, the Internet was becoming more popular and the language was able to fill the programming needs of this environment. For many years, was the king of Internet programming languages.

Java

The name "" came from a design meeting at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Scores of designers and programmers were brainstorming about possible names when someone yelled out ""! The name was unique and non-technical - and it stuck.

Java

What language can be run on different operating systems, including Mac OS and Linux, without re-compiling the source code?

Java

was created as a purely object-oriented programming language that runs on many different types of computers.

Java

The , translates the intermediate .class files into native machine language for the target computer.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

There a second program, the , will translate the intermediate format into native machine language for the target computer. This approach allows the same Java program to run on many different kinds of operating systems!

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

What do you call a small, portable computer system with integrated flip-up monitor, smaller keyboard, and integrated mouse system?

Laptop

The operating system, released in the early 1990's, is a free and open source operating system used on many types of computers. The operating system is an interesting and emerging alternative to the commercial Microsoft and Apple operating systems. It was first released in the early 1990's as open-source software, which means it was created by many volunteer programmers and is free to use. It is not as tightly tied to a graphical user interface, although several such interfaces do exist. It can also be run on small embedded systems that do not have a large monitor, so it's common to control this system through a command-line interface. It also serves as the basis for the Android smart phones, network routers, and many other specialized pieces of hardware.

Linux

Which of the following operating system is an "open-source" operating system?

Linux

Which operating system is widely used on embedded devices such as smart phone and network hardware?

Linux

One step above machine language, assembly allows programmers to write individual CPU-level instructions using short character sequences that can be directly translated into machine language. Assembly language is specific to one type of computer platform. You can write very fast code in low-level languages, but it's hard to take advantage of the nice features and libraries that a high-level language provides.

Low-Level Assembly Language

Machine language is composed of the actual bits and bytes (the 1's and 0's) that CPUs actually understand. Each combination of bits tells the CPU to perform a different operation. Machine language is specific to one type of computer platform.

Low-Level Machine Language

Which programming language is used primarily for mathematical calculations and tasks?

MATLAB

This operating systems run the Apple line of computers. The most current OS is called OS X or OS Ten. The operating system was released in 1984 and is responsible for many of the graphical user interface concepts used today by all major operating systems. The operating systems have always prided themselves on ease of use and solid reliability, and are especially popular in some home, school, and academic environments. Also known for its high end graphics capabilities, ease of use and reliability.

Mac

Which programming language is composed of the actual bits and bytes (the 1's and 0's) that CPUs actually understand?

Machine Language

The language is used for a variety of mathematical calculations and tasks

Matrix Laboratory(MATLAB)

What operating system is a highly popular operating system for personal computers and laptops. It was first launched in 1985 and has seen many revisions since then. It features a graphical operating system and a large number of hardware and software vendors creating compatible peripherals and software applications. Many businesses, schools, and home computers run this operating system.

Microsoft Windows

Which two operating systems appeared in the mid-1980's with graphical user interfaces?

Microsoft Windows and Mac OS

What are three common operating systems available today for desktop and laptop computers?

Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS, and Linux.

You are working for a company that has created a program that is gathering information from the user without their knowledge. Your boss gives you full permission to use this information and to share it with other companies. Should you do so?

No, you may only use or share private information when you have obtained the owner's explicit permission for the use of that information.

refers to design and use of re-usable code objects that have behavior, properties and relationships with other objects.

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

Which type of software license allows you free access to the program's original source code?

Open Source

This software was created by volunteer programmers, permits access to original source code and is free to use.

Open-Source Software

creates quick and simple versions of a program to help demonstrate a concept or experiment with program features.

Prototyping

Which of the following components can be used to easily transfer data between computers?

Removable storage media

Businesses may use specific languages such as if they work in electronics, chemical, or mathematical fields.

SPICE, ChemML, or MATLAB

In what kind of programming language is the program distributed in source form and run directly within another piece of software?

Scripted Language

Similar to high-level interpreted languages, scripted languages are distributed in source form, but they are designed to run within and control another piece of software. JavaScript, for example, is a scripting language that runs in a web browser and controls how the browser displays content on a web page.

Scripted Language

language is used to represent and analyze electronic circuits

Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)

What do you call a pocket-sized cell phone with touch screen and embedded operating system supporting software applications?

Smartphone

What do you call a very lightweight computer with integrated monitor, usually with a touch screen instead of a keyboard?

Tablet

Which federal law deals with computer fraud and abuse?

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

What was the first high-speed, purely electronic, digital computer which could be programmed and re-programmed to handle a wide array of tasks?

The ENIAC

What website will give you more information about the specific computer fraud and crime laws in your state?

The National Conference of State Legislatures website

Which of the following describes business ethics?

The moral principles that govern a person's or business's behavior.

The programming language grew out of the wildly popular BASIC language. The original BASIC programming language was created to allow non-programming students to write simple programs for their computers. is a Windows version of this popular language. One of the best benefits of this language is that it is an extremely simple language to learn.

Visual Basic

allows a programmer to quickly design and test graphical programs on the Windows operating system.

Visual Basic

What is a downside to a weakly-typed programming language as compared to a strongly-typed programming language?

Weakly-typed languages will not detect logical errors at compile-time

In the early days of , programmers had to do a lot of guessing when trying to place buttons and controls on a . They could not see the actual until the program was run. Now they can design a before they ever run the program!

Window

Which security measure would most effectively help protect a computer or network from suspicious connections or traffic coming from the outside network?

firewall

This allows a person to communicate with a computer through the use of visual symbols.

graphical user interface(GUI)

What refers to all of the physical components that come together to form a computer.

hardware

There are many different types of programming languages. Java, the language we are using in this class, is a which means you can write code that is easy to read, has powerful language statements, and will generally run on more than one type of computer system. But not all languages fall into this "high level" category. The table below describes some major types of programming languages.

high-level programming language

Other languages are , which mean the source code itself is sent to the target computer.

interpreted

When the program is run a program called an will translate the source code to machine code at runtime.

interpreter

What is the underlying software that makes it possible to run other programs on the computer. That ties together all of the hardware components and gives the user a way to control the computer.

operating system

There are three main types of software programs:

operating systems, device drivers, and applications.

The Visual Basic IDE was one of the first to allow a programmer to design the screen before the program was tested. In the time it took for a C++ programmer to lay the basic foundation for their Windows program, a Visual Basic programmer could have a program up and running. For this reason, the Visual Basic language was often used for "rapid application development" or RAD. A common use of RAD programs is . Prototype programs are used as "proof-of-concept" demonstrations. This means that when a company has an idea for a new program, instead of dedicating a lot of time and resources to creating the full program with a complicated language, they will create a quick version with Visual Basic. The language may not support all of the feature and high performance needed for the final product, but it's good enough for demonstration. If the program looks promising, they will then re-develop the application in a more powerful language like Java or C++.

prototyping

What is the collection of programs that make the computer do useful work.

software

In old style C and C++ programming, a window was designed in a painstaking iterative process. A programmer would write code to display a window at a specific location and size on the screen using numeric values (in pixels). When the program was run, the programmer would look at the screen, note any changes and then close the program. Then they would go back to the , change the values slightly and run the program again.

source code

All programming languages allow you to represent, store, and manage data in your program. Many languages, especially those that are compiled like C/C++, Java, and C#, are languages. This means the language cares a great deal about the specific type of data you are storing. The language will specify the exact format and amount of computer memory for different data types (like large number, small numbers, integers, or real values). Data within a program written in a language must always be carefully identified by the specific data type. The language will tell you if you are attempting to perform an operation that doesn't make any sense, such as performing addition on text data.

strongly typed

In a programming language, data must be identified by a specific data type when the program is written.

strongly typed

In a hybrid or language, the source code is compiled down to an intermediate format that is sent to each computer. There, a second program will translate the intermediate format into native machine language.

translated

The Java language uses a hybrid or approach. The high-level source code is compiled down to an intermediate format that is sent to each computer.

translated

An language is also known as a weakly typed language.

un-typed

In a programming language, data types will be automatically identified at run-time based on the values stored.

weakly typed

By contrast, a language allows more flexibility when managing your data. You can reserve space and give a name to some data without really specifying the exact nature of the data in advance. You might end up using a large number, small number, or even a line of text as the data and the program will handle any of those types equally well. The language will figure out what sort of data you are using by examining the data itself or from the context of the surrounding code. You would only attempt mathematical operations on numbers, for example, while only trying to search for characters within string or textual data. Because the weakly typed languages delay identification of the data type until run-time, they can be easier to write but will not detect logical errors relating to data types during compilation.

weakly typed or un-typed