Chapter Six: Proteins
Nonessential amino acids that become essential because the body cannot make them, Ex.) Tyrosine and glycine.
Conditionally essential amino acids
____________ of proteins changes their shape.
Denaturation
Excess blank cannot be stored in the body?
Dietary protein
If the carbon-containing remnants are glycogenic amino acids, they are converted through what?
Gluconeogenesis
Protein can be used for what?
Gluconeogenesis
Carbon-containing remnants are converted into what?
Glucose
in the metabolism of protein, If too few kilocalories or carbs are consumed, the body converted glucogenic Amino acids into what?
Glucose
High intake of protein sources with high saturated fat may increase risk for what type of disease?
Heart disease
Benefits of a healthy vegetarian diet include reduced risks of what?
Heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and obesity.
Denaturation of proteins occurs in the presence of:
Heat, acids, bases, salts, and mechanical agitation.
Contains all essential amino acids
High quality proteins
What provides sufficient protein to synthesize nonessential amino acids?
High quality proteins
What regulates cell actions?
Hormones
Malnourished individuals have compromised what?
Immune systems
Amino acids N is required for synthesis of the cell's genetic info. (Synthesis of nitrogenous bases).
Metabolic fate of amino acids
Amino acids are precursors of several hormones ( peptide hormones like insulin and glucagon and Amine hormones such as catecholamines).
Metabolic fate of amino acids
Amino acids can be catabolized to acetyl CoA, pyruvate or intermediates of the TCA cycle for complete oxidation.
Metabolic fate of amino acids
Are used for the synthesis of enzymes, transporters and other physiology significant proteins.
Metabolic fate of amino acids
Several biologically active molecules such as neurotransmitters, porphyrins etc.
Metabolic fate of amino acids
Excess protein is converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue is apart of what?
Metabolism of protein
Immediately after surgery, fighting an infection or severe emotional trauma, need to consume enough kilocalories and protein to meet demand.
Negative nitrogen balance
Overweight individuals needs are not much greater than normal weight individuals of similar height.
Protein intake recommendation
Taking what is unnecessary and generally not recommended?
Protein supplements
Amino acid pools supply the body's ongoing need for what?
Protein synthesis
What is the process of degrading and synthesizing proteins?
Protein turnover
Potential risks of a vegetarian diet include low intake of what key nutrients?
Protein, calcium, iron, vitamin B12, zinc, vitamins a and d, and omega-3 fatty acids.
More than 50 amino acids
Proteins
Typically 100 to 10,000 amino acids linked together.
Proteins
What provides energy, 4kcal/gram, and improves satiety and appetite control?
Proteins
What transports substances throughout the body?
Proteins
Sodium binds to transport protein, transport protein releases sodium outside of cell, potassium binds to transport protein, transport protein releases potassium inside the cell.
Proteins as transport channels.
A 3-oz. serving of cooked meat, poultry or fish is an adequate amount for how many meals?
1
What are proteins classified by?
The number of amino acids in the chain.
What affects the function of a protein?
The organization and shape
Protein is made up of chains of what that are made based on an individuals DNA?
Amino acids
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Help maintain acid-base balance.
Protein in the body
Regulates fluid balance
Protein in the body
What acts as a catalyst?
Protein in the body
When the amino acid pool reaches capacity, what happens?
Amino acids are broken down to their component parts for other uses.
Composition of essential amino acids of a protein compared with a standard, usually egg protein.
Amino acid score
Suggested servings for vegetarian with fats:
2
Suggested servings for vegetarian with fruits:
2
How many amino acids are used to make proteins?
20
A 3-oz. serving of cooked meat, poultry or fish provides how many grams of protein?
21 to 25 grams
Suggested servings for vegetarian with vegetables:
4
Suggested servings for vegetarian with legume, nuts, and other protein rich foods:
5
The American College of sports medicine, the Academy of Nutrition and dietetics, and other experts advocate that what percent more protein for competitive athletes participating in endurance exercise or resistance exercise.
50-100%
Suggested servings for vegetarian with grains:
6
A 3-oz. serving of cooked meat, poultry or fish provides about how many grams of protein per ounce?
7 grams
All amino acids contain what?
A central carbon surrounded by a side chain carboxylic acid, a hydrogen, and an amine group.
A 3-oz. serving of cooked meat, poultry or fish is about the size of what?
A deck of cards
10 to 35 percent of total daily kilocalories
AMDR protein intake recommendation
When peptide bonds are broken by hydrolysis, the hydroxyl group (CH) and hydrogen from water is (added, lost).
Added
Deamination removes the what from amino acids?
Amine group
What provides a ready supply of amino acids the body uses to create proteins on demand?
Amino acid pools
Deamination occurs when the amine group is removed from the amino acid. What is formed?
Ammonia
The available protein is used as what rather than for its other roles in the body
An energy source
Contains an amine group (NH2), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and a side chain (R Group)
Anatomy of an amino acid
Are proteins that bine and neutralize pathogens that would harm the body.
Antibodies
What population eats more and therefore gets additional protein?
Athletes
How quickly the nitrogen from the absorbed protein is synthesized into body protein.
Biological value
Most amino acids are sent into what to be picked up and used by the cells?
Blood
High protein diets with adequate calcium (especially from daily sources) protect what?
Bone
Calcium foods in a vegetarian diet:
Calcium-fortified soy milk, orange juice, and tofu. Calcium-foritified vegetables: boy chop, broccoli, kale, collard greens, and okra.
Proteins contain nitrogen, in addition to?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins differ structurally from what?
Carbs and lipids
Enzymes speeding up reactions
Catalysts
While still unproven, its possible that excess red meat consumption can contribute to an increase risk of what?
Colon cancer
What are the proteins in a vegetarian diet?
Combination of soy foods, legumes, nuts or seeds.
Type of protein that contains all nine essential amino acids
Complete proteins
Type of protein that is considered hight quality.
Complete proteins
Type of protein: Usually, animal sources.
Complete proteins
2 amino acids
Dipeptides
What types of foods contain significant amounts of protein?
Eggs, eat, fish, soy, and dairy.
Too low protein intake can lead to bone loss in what?
Elderly men and women.
Step of protein synthesis, amino acids are collected by transfer RNA (tRNA) and brought to the ribosomes to build a chain in the proper sequence, continuing until the sequence is finished and the new protein is released.
Elongation of protein synthesis
In PEM, Protein is used for what rather than for its other functions in the body?
Energy
Must be consumed in the diet, nine essential amino acids
Essential amino acids
People choose vegetarian diets for a variety of reasons:
Ethical, religious, environmental, and health reason.
(Extra, less) protein is used to help the body heal if a person has extensive wounds.
Extra
A compound approaches a specific enzyme.
First step for an enzyme in action.
Two products are released and the enzyme is available for another reaction.
Fourth and last step for an enzyme in action.
Providing structural support and enable movement is the...
Function of protein in the body.
Lack of protein damages what lining which inhibits the cells ability to absorb nutrients?
GI tract
Absorption of food is reduced
Inadequate protein
Cells lining the GI tract are not sufficiently replaced as they slough off.
Inadequate protein
Digestive function is inhibited
Inadequate protein
Intestinal bacteria get into the blood and cause septicemia.
Inadequate protein
The immune system is compromised due to malnutrition and cannot fight infection.
Inadequate protein
Type of protein that is low in one or more essential amino acid
Incomplete protein
Type of protein that is usually plant sources
Incomplete protein
With PEM it is more prevalent in who?
Infants and children
Iron is found in what vegetarian foods?
Iron-fortified cereals, enriched grains, pasta, wheat germs, nuts and seeds.
High-protein (is, isn't) digestible?
Is
A diet high in animal protein and low in carbs lowers during pH, which can raise the risk of developing what?
Kidney stones
Edema in legs feet and stomach, diminished muscle tone and strength, brittle hair that is easy to pull out, a pale sad and apathetic appearance, being prone to infection, rapid heart rate, excess fluid in lungs, pneumonia, septicemia, and water and electrolyte imbalances all are symptoms of what?
Kwashiorkor
Every protein deficiency
Kwashiorkor
Generally the result of a diet high in grains and deficient in protein
Kwashiorkor
Three types of PEM:
Kwashiorkor, marasmus, and marasmic kwashiorkor.
Eats grains, vegetables, fruits legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy foods, and eggs, avoids meat, fish and poultry
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy foods and avoids meat, fish, poultry, and eggs.
Lacto-vegetarian
What metabolizes amino acids, depending on bodily needs.
Liver
Chronic deficiency in kilocalories and protein.
Marasmic kwashiorkor
Edema in legs and arms, a "skin and bones" appearance, with treatment the edema subsides and appearance becomes more like someone with marasmus.
Marasmic kwashiorkor
Frail, emaciated appearance, weakened and appear apathetic, often cannot stand without support, appears old beyond their years, hair thin, dry, and lacks sheen, low body temp. and blood pressure, prone to dehydration, infections, and unnecessary blood clotting are all symptoms of?
Marasmus
Results from a severe deficiency in kilocalories.
Marasmus
Proteins contain blank.
Nitrogen
Healthy adults should be in what?
Nitrogen balance
Healthy adults should consume enough to replace what is used everyday.
Nitrogen balance
Can by synthesized in the body, eleven essential amino acids
Nonessential amino acids
(Not all, All) protein is created equal.
Not all
How many people in the world do not have adequate protein intake, kcal intake, or both?
One in eight
Eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, and eggs, avoids meat, fish, poultry, and dairy foods.
Ovo-vegetarian
Transport proteins shuttle what through the blood and cell membranes?
Oxygen, waste products, lipids, some vitamins and sodium and potassium.
Broken through hydrolysis
Peptide bonds
Form when the carbon of the acid group of one amino acid joins with the nitrogen atom of the amine group of a second amino acid.
Peptide bonds
Formed through condensation
Peptide bonds
Fewer than 50 amino acids
Peptides
More than 10 amino acids
Polypeptides
Pregnant woman, people recovering from surgery or injury, and growing children should consume enough to build new tissue.
Positive nitrogen balance
Amino acids are linked together to form a simple linear chain.
Primary structure
What kind of protein structure is unchanged by denaturing?
Primary structure
Four levels of structure of protein:
Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.
Several methods have been developed to determine the what quality of foods?
Protein
They participate in every cellular activity that helps the body to function.
Protein
What acts as a chemical messenger?
Protein
What are hormones and enzymes made of?
Protein
What are macronutrients found in each cell in the body?
Protein
What contributes to a healthy immune system?
Protein
Include the digestibility of the protein and the amino acid score
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
Used by the FDA to determine the %DV of proteins in a serving of food.
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
Eating too little protein can lead to what?
Protein energy malnutrition
Two or more polypeptide chains bond together.
Quaternary structure
0.8 g/kg daily for adults over 18
RDA protein intake recommendation
Choose a variety of plant sources of protein to reduce what?
Risk of heart disease
The compound binds to the enzyme.
Second step for an enzyme in action.
Geometric shape of the protein that is folded and twisted.
Secondary structure
Eats a vegetarian diet that occasionally includes meat, fish, and poultry, avoids meat, fish, and poultry on occasion.
Semivegetarian
Altering the _______ of the protein alters its ________.
Shape, function.
With PEM, other important nutrients are in...
Short supply
What is a common blood disorder that involves abnormal or flawed protein formation.
Sickle-cell anemia
A unique what distinguishes the various amino acids?
Side chain
The _____________________ make each amino acid unique and influence the function of each amino acid.
Side chains
Zinc in vegetarian foods:
Soybeans, fortified soy burgers, legumes, nuts, and seeds.
Some protein foods contain blank, which is not found in carbs or lipids.
Sulfur
Three-Dimensional globular shape of the protein.
Tertiary structure
What happens to the amino acids if the diet is low in carbs?
They are converted into glucose.
The enzyme changes shape.
Third step for an enzyme in action.
The body breaks down and makes protein daily to maintain body structures such as what?
Tissues and organs
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
Too little protein
What increases risk for kidney stones?
Too much protein
What increases risk for osteoporosis?
Too much protein
What may increase the risk for heart disease?
Too much protein
Nonessential amino acids are synthesized through what?
Transamination
Process of forming nonessential amino acids by transferring the nitrogen from one amino acid to a keto acid to form a new nonessential amino acid.
Transamination
Step of protein synthesis that says information about building or repairing old proteins is stored in DNA. When a new polypeptide chain is needed, DNA replicates itself and forms a new molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Transcription of protein synthesis
What are the three steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription, translation, and elongation.
Step of protein synthesis mRNA translates the information from DNA to an amino acid sequence in the ribosomes.
Translation of protein synthesis
Carbon-containing remnants are converted to fatty acids and stores as what in what type of tissue?
Triglycerides in adipose tissue.
3 amino acids
Tripeptides
More than 200 grams of protein is ____________ daily.
Turned over
Denaturation=
Unfolding
What is ammonia converted into during deamination?
Urea and excreted as urine in the liver.
High protein intake with too low calcium intake can lead to increase what?
Urinary calcium losses
Eats grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, and nuts, avoids any animal foods (meat, fish, poultry, dairy foods, eggs)
Vegan
Who must consume adequate amounts of a variety of foods and should plan meals well.
Vegetarians
Vitamins A & D in vegetarian foods:
Vit A: Foods with beta carotene such as spinach and carrots. Vitamin D: Vitamin D-fortified milk or soy products, ready-to-eat cereals, and yogurt.
Vitamin B12 is found in what vegetarian foods?
Vit B12- fortified foods: cereals, fortified soy products, nutritional yeast, and yeast extracts.
Omega-3 FA in vegetarian foods:
Walnuts, flaxseed and flaxseed oil, soybean and canola oil.
Too much emphasis on protein in a diet can crowd out or displace other nourishing, equally important food choices from the diet such as?
Whole grains, fruit, and vegetables.
Eating a (wide, limited) variety of foods is the best approach to meeting protein needs
Wide
What can determine your own protein needs?
You
Protein synthesis is regulated by what?
Your genes
