Chapter13 t&q

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

A group of the church dedicated to educate and help the poor

Martin Luther

A German professer and priest (1483-1546) who set in motion the now called reformation and most famous for his work called the "ninety five theses on the power of indulgence" which criticized the church for selling indulgences calling the practice deceitful and devilish as they undermined the sacrament of penance competed with the preaching of the gospel and diminished the importance of charity. He later publicly opposed the church which encouraged thousands to follow his cause. This event is known as the diet of worms.

Union of Utrecht

A document that unified the Netherlands

Indulgence

A piece of parchment signed by the pope or church official that would lessen time in purgatory and was widely belived to bring forgiveness to all sins. Although most of the time they were used for the sole purpose of collecting renevue and usually undermined the need for true repentance.

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn was one of King Henry's first affairs. Hoping she would give her the son Catherine failed to. After two attempts to birth a son she beheaded for failing to produce a son

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of queen Isabella and King Ferdinand II. Being maried to King Henry's brother then to him self after his brothers death. Her marriage to kin Henry was annulled after she failed to birth a son

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

Civil unrest and general grievance with the Catholic Church helped. Along with Germany similar to Italy had no central government which further fueld religious arguments within itself to spread and fight for Lutheran ideals

Holy office

Established in 1542 by pope Paul III to protect the Catholic Church from international doctrine heresy

Henry viii

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was the first English King of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII. After his first wife (Catherine of Aragon) failed to give him a son he wanted he wanted to the pope to have his marriage annulled. The pope at this time was basically under charle v thumb so it was ultimately Charles v decision. Being Catherine's nephew he was very opposed to themarrige being annulled. As a counter move for denying his request little by little through parliament separated from the Catholic Church

Charles V (HRE)

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories, most notably the Low Countries and Franche-Comté. Most of the holdings were fiefs of the German Kingdom (part of the Holy Roman Empire), except his birthplace of Flanders, which was still a French fief, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player in the Hundred Years' War. As he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria (born as Archduchess of Austria and in both her marriages as the Dowager Princess of Asturias and Dowager Duchess of Savoy) acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over the question of Charles' requirement to pay homage to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.

Johann tetzel

Johann tetzel was Incharge of advertising indulgences for archbishop Albert. He promised the purchase of an indulgence would forgive ones Sinns or free a loved one from purgatory. This was extremely successful as it brought in people from miles away to buy indulgences

John Knox

John Knox, the most famous Scottish Reformer, was born near Edinburgh in 1505. He went to his local school and then to university in St Andrews, before becoming a deacon and a priest in the (Roman Catholic) Church. From 1542, Scotland was governed by Regent Arran as Mary Queen of Scots [link to First Reformation - Monarchs - Mary QOS] was still a baby. Arran benefited reform in Scotland in a number of ways. Firstly, he passed a law that allowed people to read the Bible in their own language. He then appointed the Protestant Thomas Guillame to preach around Scotland, and it was through his preaching that John Knox was converted. The biggest influence on Knox's life however was George Wishart. After Wishart's death in 1546, Knox taught the sons of a number of Protestants who had captured St Andrews Castle. Some of those in the castle called Knox to become their minister. At this he burst into tears and ran off to his room because of what a responsibility he knew it would be. A few days later however he accepted the call. In the summer of 1547 French warships attacked the castle. Knox was taken prisoner, kept aboard in one of the ships and forced to row it in chains with other galley slaves. After 19 months however he was set free, and went to England where Archbishop Cranmer was working to promote the Reformation, and he was appointed as a preacher [in Berwick]. He attacked the Roman Catholic mass as idolatry because it was 'invented by the brain of man' and not commanded by God. In 1551 he was invited to live in London and preach before king Edward VI.

What were the central ideas of the reformers? Why were they appealing to different social groups?

M.l's ideas were spread by the printing press & were written in the vernacular. It appealed to different socials because a lot of people had grievances with the church. The central idea of the reformers was

Phillip II of Spain

Married to Mary Tudor was King Charles v son and Catholic conspirator. After his attempt to reconnect the Catholic Church through Mary failed he tried to marry another marry queen of scots who was convinently Catholic. After she was executed for a conspiracy to assassinate queen Elizabeth fully backed by Philip the pope urged him to retaliate which led to back naval assault that consisted of 130 vessels. The attack failed due to England smaller more manuverable and deadlier ships.

Mary Queen of Scots

Mary queen of scots was the Catholic queen of Scotland who was next in line to inherit the English crown. She was King Philips perfect second attempt to reestablish Catholicism into England. She was executed later due to her and Philips conspiracy to kill queen Elizabeth.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy in the early 16th century. The three main arguments were clerical immorality clerical ignorance and clerical pluralism. Clerical immorality was aimed at priests who were drunkards gambled and flat out ignored the rule of celibacy. Clerical ignorance charges are aimed toward priests who were barley literate and mumbled and mispronounced Latin words. Clerical pluralism is when the practice of holding more than one church which is seen as greedy and unnecessary.

John Calvin

Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestantism in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where he published the first edition of the Institutes in 1536. In that year, Calvin was recruited by another Frenchman William Farel to help reform the church in Geneva, where he regularly preached sermons throughout the week. The city council resisted the implementation of Calvin's and Farel's ideas, and both men were expelled. At the invitation of Martin Bucer, Calvin proceeded to Strasbourg, where he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform movement in Geneva, and was eventually invited back to lead its church in 1541.

Mary Tudor

Ruler of England from 1553-1558 was the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Under her rule she converted England back to Catholicism and executed about a thousand Protestant and was a notability unpopular queen. She is the origin of bloody marry.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils.[1] Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.[2] Four hundred years later, when Pope John XXIII initiated preparations for the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), he affirmed the decrees it had issued: "What was, still is."[3]

Peasant revolt

The German peasant was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers.[1] The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals. The war consisted, like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which peasants and farmers, often supported by Protestant clergy, took the lead. The German Peasants' War was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising prior to the French Revolution of 1789. The fighting was at its height in the middle of 1525.

Elizabeth I

The daughter of King Henry viii who's views on religion was both Protestant with a bit of Catholic extremism such as fines for missing church but brought general unity and peace to England

Protestant

The followers of Luther and Zwingli and others who wanted to break from Rome where called Protestants. All non Catholic western Christians.Early Protestants agreed on major things; such as only through faith and God can one be saved and and church authority lied in the bible and the bible alone. And that the church was a priesthood of followers and believers. As a result many Protestants rejected Catholic teachings about the sacrament believing only baptism and Eucharist have scriptural support

The peace of Augsburg

The peace of Augsburg was the full recognition of Lutheranism in 1555 as a religion as a means to end the war and bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire which Charles v was losing. After this most of northern and central Germany was converted to Lutheranism while most of the south remained Catholic. While Lutherans were officially recognized and allowed to practice Lutheranism there was no freedom of religion meaning that many Catholics in central Germany had to leave there home to go to the south or Lutherans having to move to the north.

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 - 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.

Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell, 1485 - 28 July 1540) was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Cromwell was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation. He helped to engineer an annulment of the king's marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn. Henry failed to obtain the Pope's approval for the annulment in 1534, so Parliament endorsed the king's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage. Cromwell subsequently charted an evangelical and reformist course for the Church of England from the unique posts of vicegerent in spirituals and vicar-general.[2]:658, fn. 2 During his rise to power, Cromwell made many enemies, including his former ally Anne Boleyn. He played a prominent role in her downfall. He later fell from power, after arranging the king's marriage to German princess Anne of Cleves. Cromwell had hoped that the marriage would breathe fresh life into the Reformation in England, but Henry found his new bride unattractive and it turned into a disaster for Cromwell, ending in an annulment six months later. Cromwell was arraigned under a bill of attainder and executed for treason and heresy on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540. The king later expressed regret at the loss of his chief minister.[3]

Ulrich Zwingli

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) one of the most important reformers other than Luther was a humanist who on 1519 announced he would not preach the church's prescribed reading but would now teach Erasmus's New Testament. He heavily criticized indulgences masses and the clergy. He was a supporter of city authorities.

Book of Common Prayer

Written in 1549 the book of common prayer included the order for all services and prayers of the English church. A result of the English reformation and break to the Catholic Church.

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

a piece written by Martin Luther, related to the German Peasants' War. Beginning in 1524 and ending in 1526, the Peasants' War was a result of a tumultuous collection of grievances in many different spheres: political, economic, social, and theological. Martin Luther is often considered to be the foundation for the Peasants' Revolt; however, he maintained allegiance to the Princes against the violence of the rebels. Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants typifies Luther's reaction to the Peasants' War, and alludes to Luther's concern that he might be seen to be responsible for their rebellion.

Catholic Reformation

movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries that tried to eliminate abuses within that church and to respond to the Protestant Reformation.