chapters 11 & 12
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
Who developed social-cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.
Asch
The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.
Asch
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?
Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.
The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.
Confederate
Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?
Freudian slip
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.
Humanism
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
ID
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
Who proposed the locus of control concept?
Julian Rotter
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?
Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo- Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.
Rorschach
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud
According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?
Simon bites his mother
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?
There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?
Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.
Which question was central to the marshmallow test?
Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?
If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?
Yale attitude change
Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?
Zimbardo
What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?
Zimbardo did not use a control group.
Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
an external locus of control
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.
anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
attitude
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
become neurotic strategies
Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.
beliefs and expectations
The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.
bystander effect
Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?
central route
According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
choleric
Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
climate of sexual repression
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
cognitive dissonance
The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
collective unconscious
________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
congruence
Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.
consummate
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.
dispositionism
The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
ectomorph
The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.
emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________.
empty
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
external and internal
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
extrovert
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
five factor model
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?
generativity vs stagnation
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
group
Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?
group processes
What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?
groupthink
________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
heritability
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
high self-efficacy
________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation.
homophobia
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.
in which people are presented with ambiguous images
A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
inferiority
Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?
informational
Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.
introvert
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?
latency
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
moving against people
Self-efficacy is ________.
our level of confidence in our own abilities
An archetype is a ________.
pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies
Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?
peripheral route
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
projective test
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.
reciprocity
When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________.
reciprocity
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.
romantic
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
selective migration
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
self-actualization
Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.
self-serving bias
Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.
self-serving bias
Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
sexist
Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a ________ view of Bill.
situationist
David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory.
social exchange
Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.
social loafing
Who was Stanley Milgram?
social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
What is a social role?
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
stereotypes
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?
teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism
Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort
Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?
the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
What is groupthink?
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
trait
