check 22
*The term "antigenic" means :
*Able to form specific antibodies "Your body's ability to form specific antibodies."
*Which of the following is thought to be a possible cause of autoimmune disease?
*Altering of cells or tissues so that surface antigens cause the production of killer T cells or antibodies to them "Most the cause is unknown, scientists have different kinds of hypothesis; gene mutation, virus infection or something involving hormones (male or female), or something transmitted from the mother while in the embryonic development."
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
the production maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes. 1: Drain fluid from tissue 2: Body defense system
Plasma cells are derived from
Activated B cells
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the _________ cells.
Activated B cells
Changed #9: Which one of the WBCs produce antibodies?
Activated B cells/Plasma cells
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except:
Antibodies "Specific immune response T cell and B cells, everything else is non specific."
In passive immunity:
Antibodies made by another person are injected into the patient as a form of treatment.
Active immunity:
Antibodies made by your own body.
Antibodies combine with molecules which are called:
Antigens
Interferon: (Online definition)
Are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
B cells (not on recording)
B cells in bone marrow - antibody-mediated response - plasma cells form antibodies - effective against bacteria
Lymphocytes are located in each of the following tissues or organs except the:
Brain
Lymph Nodes (Not on review)
Has capsule Has lymphatic vessels connected to it
Lymph Nodule (Not on review)
Has no capsule Mostly buried in the mucous membrane Ex. Tonsils
Two means of acquiring active immunity are vaccination and:
Infection
The composition of lymph is similar to that of
Interstitial fluid ----- We call it tissue fluid.
T lymphocytes become ____________ when exposed to tissue transplants from non-relatives.
Killer lymphocytes/Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells act to:
Lower the responses/suppress of other T cells and B cells.
Changed #10: Know difference between lymph nodes and lymph nodules, including structure and location. (Same as question #1)
Lymph nodes: - Bean-shaped organs, up to 1 inch long, located along lymphatic vessels - scattered throughout body but concentrated near mammary glands, axillae & groin - Stroma is capsule, trabeculae & reticular fibers - Parenchyma is divided into 2 regions: - CORTEX - lymphatic nodules with germinal centers containing dendritic cells - antigen-presenting cells and macrophages - B cells proliferate into antibody-secreting plasma cells - MEDULLA - contains B cells & plasma cells in medullary cords Lymph nodules: - Concentrations of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule scattered throughout connective tissue of mucous membranes - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - Peyer's patches in the ileum of the small intestine - Appendix - Tonsils form ring at top of throat - Figure 23.2 - adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil) - palatine tonsils (on each side wall) - lingual tonsil in the back of the tongue
Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble?
Medium veins
When B-cells are activated, they:
Multiply and produce plasma cells which release antibodies into the circulation "Duplicate several times and produce plasma cells and mammary cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies, mammary cells hide in lymphatic organ."
The type of resistance that develops as a result of developing a disease is:
Natural-acquired active immunity
Select the correct statement about immune function:
Non Specific: Phagocytes; Fever; Barriers such as skin and mucuous membrane; Some proteins like complementary proteins. Nonspecific resistance refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens (disease producing organisms) and their toxins. Specific: T cells and B cells Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents. bacteria, toxins, viruses, cat dander, etc.
Which tonsils are located in the posterior nasal cavity?
Pharyngeal
__________ from the thymus is believed to give rise to sensitized lymphocytes and eventual cellular immunity.
Pre-processing Involves a lot of checking points, training to the T cells, if they are successful and pass "training" they graduate and pass the thymus gland otherwise it will be deleted only 1% "graduates. 99% will be deleted."
*Lymph nodes do all of the following, except: (?)
Removes excess nutrients from the lymph. 15:57
The thymus plays an important role in the development of (the)
T - cells
B cells are primarily activated by the action of:
T helper cells
The AIDS virus infects:
T-helper cells
Which of the following is a lymphatic "nodule"?
The tonsils
Changed #8: What is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?
Thoracic Duct
The (gland) or organ which determines the ability to provide cellular immunity, very early in life, is the:
Thymus gland
Active immunity is acquired by either infection with the live organism or by:
Vaccination
Cells responsible for immunity:
WBC including lymphocytes/monocytes (know or recognize their own body's molecules recognize the macro molecules from other organisms as foreign launch immune attacks when stimulated by foreign macro molecules ALL OF THE ABOVE)
*A "B Cell" responds to the initial antigen challenge immediately by all of these except:
*Cell to cell combat which includes phagocytosis Know steps how B cells are activated - During activation of a B cell, an antigen binds to antigen receptors on the cell surface (Figure 22.16). - B cell antigen receptors are chemically similar to the antibodies that will eventually be secreted by their progeny. - Some antigen is taken into the B cell, broken down into peptide fragments and combined with the MHC-II self-antigen, and moved to the B cell surface. - Helper T cells recognize the antigen-MHC-II combination and deliver the costimulation needed for B cell proliferation and differentiation. - Some activated B cells become antibody-secretion plasma cells. Others become memory B cells. "After B cell responds to antigen will do a couple round of mitosis some become plasma cells (starts producing antibodies) and some mammary cels (stay in lymphatic organ)."
The spleen: (not on the recording)
*Is the largest lymphoid organ in the body -- *All of the above - detects and responds to foreign substances in the blood - destroys worn out red blood cells - is a reservoir for red blood cells - can act as a reservoir for platelets
Which is/are not a function of the spleen?
- "Graveyard" of RBCs: destruction - Embryonic stage production (in utero) of RBC's - Reservoir for RBCs - Phagocytosis of some red blood cells* - Edema formation*
B cells continued. (not on recording)
- B and T cells must recognize a foreign antigen before beginning their immune response - B cells can bind to antigen in extracellular fluid - B cells sit still and let antigens be brought to them - stay put in lymph nodes, spleen or payer's patches - Once activated, differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies - Antibodies circulate in lymph and blood combines with epitope on antigen similarly to key fits a specific lock
*Helper T cells:
- Helper T (TH) cells, or T4 cells, display CD4 protein, recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC-II molecules, and secrete several cytokines, most important, interleukin-2, which acts as a costimulator for other helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells (Figure 22.14). *Are essential in both humoral and cell mediated immune functions activation "There are two types; Activated T cells and B cells...Helper T cells activate both cellular and humoral immune response. Helper T cell has ability to read antigen presented by MHC type two protein."
Antigens (not on recording)
- Molecules or bits of foreign material -entire microbes, parts of microbes, bacterial toxins, pollen, transplanted organs, incompatible blood cells - Required characteristics to be considered an antigen - immunogenicity = ability to provoke immune response - reactivity = ability to react to cells or antibodies it caused to be formed - Get past the bodies nonspecific defenses - enter the bloodstream to be deposited in spleen - penetrate the skin & end up in lymph nodes - penetrate mucous membrane & lodge in associated lymphoid tissue
T CELLS (not on recording)
- T cell mature in thymus - cell-mediated response - killer cells attack antigens - helper cells costimulate T and B cells - effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer, and tissue transplants.
Functions of the "immune (or lymphatic) system" include:
-Involvement in the elimination of foreign body fluids - Prevents successful transplantation of organs from non-related persons - Specific immunity to nonspecific immunity "The whole immune system, includes eliminations of foreign materials that get inside the body and get rid of transplant if not related."
Nonspecific body defenses include: 1. Phagocytosis 2. T Cells 3. Plasma cells
1 only "Specific immune response T cell and B cells, everything else is non specific."
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. 1. several cycles of mitosis occur 2. antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage 3. cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection 4. undifferentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and T memory cells 6. cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. The correct sequence for these steps is:
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
"Interferon" is:
A tissue extract which prevents viral RNA from changing normal cellular DNA activity "A chemical produced by the cell when infected by the virus."
The lymphatic system returns fluid from tissue spaces to the? (not on recording)
Circulatory system
The functions of the spleen include (not on recording)
Destruction of foreign organisms reaching it thru the blood
