Chem 100 chaps 1-4

Which one of these materials is most likely to conduct heat? Multiple Choice A titanium rod A sample of chlorine gas A silicon wafer A chunk of phosphorus

A titanium rod

Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to balance this equation. ___ C2H4(g) + ___ O2(g) → ___ CO2(g) + ___ H2O(g) Multiple Choice 1, 1, 2, 2 1, 3, 2, 2 2, 3, 4, 2 2, 2, 4, 2

1, 3, 2, 2

Balance this equation P4 + Cl2 → PCl5 with the smallest whole number coefficients. Choose the answer that is the sum of the coefficients. (Do not forget coefficients of "one.") Multiple Choice 7 9 11 13 15

15

Which of the following would be described as "fine particles?" Multiple Choice SOx NOx O3 2.5 μm diameter soot

2.5 μm diameter soot

Which is the correct balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethane in excess oxygen? Multiple Choice CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O 2 CH4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2O 2C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O 2 C2H6 + 5 O2 → 4 CO + 6 H2O

2C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

Identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. A. Use methane rather than gasoline for fuel in cars and trucks B. Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels C. Use wood as a home heating fuel D. Convert all vehicles to diesel fuel

B. Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is A. CO2. B. H2O vapor. C. N2. D. CH4.

B. H2O vapor.

Scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined? Multiple Choice By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers By measuring the 18O/16O ratio in the CO2 molecules By extrapolating the CO2 level from the temperature of the ice By extrapolating the CO2 level from the average global temperature

By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers

Which of the following are ways that aerosols may affect climate? A. Scattering incoming radiation B. Nucleation of clouds C. Absorbing incoming radiation D. All of these choices are correct

D. All of these choices are correct

In their fifth and most recent report published in 2014, the vast majority of scientists agreed on several key points. Which of the following is NOT one of those points? A. If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not curtailed, our water resources, food supply, and even our health will suffer B. Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation) are responsible for much of the recent warming C. The Earth is getting warmer D. All of these choices were mentioned as key points

D. All of these choices were mentioned as key points

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? i. Aerosol Emissions ii. Land Use iii. Solar Irradiance A. ii only B. ii and iii only C. i and iii only D. i, ii, and iii only

D. i, ii, and iii only

Identify possible consequences of global warming. i. A rise in sea level ii. An increase in average relative humidity iii. An increase in forest growth in the Northern Hemisphere iv. A weakening of ocean currents A. i and iii only B. i and iv only C. i, ii, and iv only D. i, ii, iii, and iv

D. i, ii, iii, and iv

Methane is approximately 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. Which are significant sources of methane emissions? i. The digestive systems of ruminants (cows, sheep, etc.) ii. Automobile exhaust iii. Rice cultivation iv. Decaying wetland vegetation A. i only B. i and ii only C. ii only D. i, iii, and iv only

D. i, iii, and iv only

The carbon cycle refers to the A. mechanism by which carbon dioxide causes global warming. B. frequency of light energy that affects the rotational energy of carbon dioxide. C. oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide and water. D. movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth.

D. movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth.

In order to halt increases in the amounts of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere, global greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 9 billion tons. Which of these would not provide that much relief in global greenhouse gas emissions? A. Cutting energy usage in the world's buildings by 20-25 percent below business-as-usual B. Having all cars get 60 mpg instead of 30 mpg C. Replacing 700 large coal-burning power plants with nuclear, wind, or solar power D. Capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide at 800 coal-burning power plants E. None of these choices would provide the needed 9 billion tons

E. None of these choices would provide the needed 9 billion tons

What term is defined as the flow of electrons from one location to another? Multiple Choice Resistance Transparency Density Electricity

Electricity

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect? Multiple Choice Energy from the sun is reflected back into the atmosphere Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth Energy from the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

What are the three pillars of sustainability? Multiple Choice Reduce, reuse, recycle Equitability, justice, quality of life Diversity, efficiency, toxicity Environmental, social, economic

Environmental, social, economic

Scientists believe they know the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples from Antarctica provides this information? Multiple Choice The thickness The carbon dioxide concentration The 1H/2H ratio The temperature

The 1H/2H ratio

Which region of the ultraviolet spectrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere? UV-A UV-B UV-C They are all absorbed approximately equally

UV-A

Which of the following is most biologically damaging type of radiation? UV-A UV-B UV-C Infrared

UV-C

Which statement is correct? Multiple Choice UV-A is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light UV-B is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light UV-C is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C are equally energetic

UV-C is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light

Increasing wavelength of light goes in this order. Ultraviolet > visible > infrared Visible > infrared > ultraviolet Infrared > visible > ultraviolet Ultraviolet > infrared > visible

Ultraviolet > visible > infrared

Of five major gaseous components of air, which is the only one to vary significantly in concentration from place to place and from day to day? Multiple Choice Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Argon

Water vapor

Which compounds are used in mineral-based sunscreens? Multiple Choice ZnO and TiO2 ZnO and CdS TiO2 and SiO2 CdS and SiO2

ZnO and TiO2

Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it Multiple Choice absorbs some UV radiation. helps trees grow. reacts with excess CO2. reflects IR radiation.

absorbs some UV radiation.

Which is not a pure substance? Multiple Choice Helium Copper wire Air Sucrose

air

The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which Multiple Choice atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorb heat radiated by Earth. atmospheric nitrogen absorbs ultraviolet radiation radiated by Earth. atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth. greenhouse gases absorb ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, warming the molecules.

atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.

Light behaves like a particle. a wave. both a particle and a wave. neither a particle nor a wave.

both a particle and a wave.

Currently, the primary source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is Multiple Choice coal burning power plants. diesel trucks. plastic manufacturing. gasoline-powered lawnmowers.

coal burning power plants.

A substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods is called a(n) A. compound. B. mixture. C. element. D. isotope.

compound

A recent set of advertisements has a picture of an aluminum can with an aluminum-frame bicycle, along with a hypothetical quote from the can that reads: "I want to be a bike. Recycle me." The analysis of the life cycle of an item starting with its raw materials and ending with the used item becoming the raw material for new products is called Multiple Choice cradle-to-grave. reusability. cradle-to-cradle. cost-benefit analysis.

cradle-to-cradle.

P2O5 is the chemical formula for Multiple Choice pentoxygen diphosphide. diphosphorus pentoxide. dioxygen pentaphosphide. monophosphorus pentoxide.

diphosphorus pentoxide.

Wavelength is the number of waves passing a fixed point in one second. height of the wave. distance between successive peaks in a wave. distance between a peak of one wave and the next trough.

distance between successive peaks in a wave.

Oxidation and reduction of atoms involves a change in the number of ___________ in the atom. Multiple Choice electrons protons neutrons nuclei

electrons

On a Periodic Table, the columns of elements with similar properties are Multiple Choice periods. groups. rows. metals.

groups

Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds have 1, 2, and 3 shared electrons, respectively. have 2, 4, and 6 shared electrons, respectively. have 3, 6, and 9 shared electrons, respectively. are only possible between carbon atoms.

have 2, 4, and 6 shared electrons, respectively.

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? i. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols ii. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover iii. Change in land use iv. Combustion of fossil fuels Multiple Choice iv only ii and iii only iii and iv only i, ii, iii, and iv

i, ii, iii, and iv

The "ozone layer" is found only around the equator. in the troposphere. in the stratosphere. in the mesosphere.

in the stratosphere.

Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the stratosphere and react directly with stratospheric ozone to destroy it. interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone. interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that react with oxygen to create ozone. react with free radicals to remove carbon dioxide.

interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone.

Predict the shape of nitrous oxide, N2O (atomic order N — N — O). Multiple Choice Linear Bent Trigonal pyramidal Trigonal planar

linear

The most numerous of the elements are the Multiple Choice metals. nonmetals. metalloids. noble gases.

metals

Based on its name, which carbon compound contains the fewest carbon atoms? Multiple Choice Ethanol Methane Chlorobutane Propyl alcohol

methane

Ozone is a secondary pollutant. A secondary pollutant is Multiple Choice not as hazardous as a primary pollutant. not produced directly but as the product of the interaction of two or more pollutants. one that is naturally present in our atmosphere. one that is less hazardous than a primary pollutant.

not produced directly but as the product of the interaction of two or more pollutants.

The atomic number is the Multiple Choice same as the mass number of an atom. number of protons in a nucleus. number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. number of neutrons in a nucleus.

number of protons in a nucleus.

In reference to waves, frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point in one second. height of the wave. distance between successive peaks in a wave. distance between a peak in a wave to the next trough.

number of waves passing a fixed point in one second.

The nucleus of an atom contains Multiple Choice electrons and protons only. protons only. electrons, protons, and neutrons. protons and neutrons only.

protons and neutrons only.

When only one pair of shared electrons is involved in a covalent bond, the linkage is called a ____ bond. Multiple Choice triple single double resonant

single

Which is not a mixture? A. a jar filled with rocks and sand B. sea water C. a glass of kool aid D. sodium chloride

sodium chloride

Green chemistry is Multiple Choice the study of how to improve the production of oxygen via photosynthesis. any chemistry having an agricultural base. the cause of the higher temperatures and humidity typically found in greenhouses. the design of products and processes that reduce hazardous substances.

the design of products and processes that reduce hazardous substances.

What distinguishes the atoms of one element from another? Multiple Choice The number of neutrons The number of protons plus neutrons The number of protons The number of neutrons plus electrons

the number of protons

DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the Multiple Choice visible region of the spectrum. ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm. ultraviolet region, especially above a wavelength of 340 nm. infrared region of the spectrum.

ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.

Calculate the mass of CO2 produced by the combustion of a tank of gasoline. Assume the mass of gasoline is 46.0 kg and that gasoline is pure octane (C8H18). A. 142 kg B. 17.8 kg C. 32.3 kg D. 46.0 kg

A. 142 kg

Which country has the highest per capita emission of carbon dioxide? A. United States B. Germany C. Canada D. Saudi Arabia

A. United States

Which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming? i. Possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level. ii. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules. iii. Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation sensitive species has been observed. iv. The concentration of stratospheric ozone is declining. A. i and ii only B. i and iii only C. ii and iv only D. iii and iv only

A. i and ii only

The Industrial Revolution is a key point in the Earth's atmospheric history because A. prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources. B. the first atmospheric studies were conducted at that time. C. spectrometers that could measure molecular response to infrared radiation were developed at that time. D. the first aircraft that could be used to collect atmospheric samples were developed at that time.

A. prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources.

An inversion layer happens when a certain weather pattern traps cooler air near the surface of the earth with a warmer air mass above it. Why is this a problem? Multiple Choice Excess precipitation could cause flooding The cold air increases the chance for snowstorms Heatwaves can occur Air pollution concentrates in the inversion layer

Air pollution concentrates in the inversion layer

Decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to increased incidences of melanomas. harm to young marine life. an increased occurrence of cataracts. All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

Which chemical components are given off in car exhaust? Multiple Choice CO2 H2O NOx All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

Which is correct? Multiple Choice Ozone forms by combining an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule There is a dynamic steady state of ozone in the stratosphere UV radiation will dissociate ozone into an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species. species with unpaired electrons. species such as H• and •OH. All of these correctly describe free radicals

All of these correctly describe free radicals

Land use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo. Albedo A. is the primary wave number at which a greenhouse gas absorbs infrared radiation. B. describes the effectiveness of a molecule as a greenhouse gas. C. is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface. D. describes the tendency of an atmospheric molecule to react with other atmospheric molecules, reducing their global atmospheric lifetimes.

C. is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface.

Which component of the air makes up approximately 100 times more of an exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath? Multiple Choice Ar O2 O3 CO2

CO2

Although carbon dioxide is the primary compound discussed with respect to global warming; of the common atmospheric components the global warming potential (GWP) of a carbon dioxide molecule is very low. Which statement best explains this pair of facts? Multiple Choice CO2 molecules are highly symmetrical CO2 has a low molar mass CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations CO2 is formed in the combustion of fossil fuels

CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations

What is the chemical formula for carbon disulfide? Multiple Choice CH4 CS2 C2H6 H2SO4

CS2

Which pollutant are you more likely to encounter in dangerous concentrations indoors rather than outdoors? Multiple Choice Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide Ozone Sulfur dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Which contributes to the ozone hole? Multiple Choice Automobile exhaust Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Loss of northern forests All of these choices are correct

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights? Multiple Choice Clouds reflect light incoming from the moon H2O does not absorb infrared energy Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas Clouds have a high concentration of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion

Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas

What is the greatest source of indoor air pollution in developing countries? Multiple Choice Unvented space heaters Cookstoves Automobiles Paint

Cookstoves

What type of material is defined as having a well-ordered atomic structure? Multiple Choice Amorphous Crystalline Transparent Opaque

Crystalline

Which is the balanced chemical equation showing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposing into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2)? Multiple Choice H2O2 → H2 + O2 H2 + O2 → H2O2 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O2 2 H2O2 → 2 H2 + O2

H2O2 → H2 + O2

What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter? Multiple Choice It excites bonding electrons It increases molecular rotation It breaks chemical bonds It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

Which one of the following compounds is considered to be an ionic compound? Multiple Choice NO CCl4 LiF PI3

LiF

What is the primary component of an exhaled breath? Multiple Choice N2 O2 CO2 H2O

N2

Which substance is an element? Multiple Choice NO2 NaCl N2 CH4

N2

The chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide is Multiple Choice N2O. NO. NO2. N2O3.

NO.

Which two gases make up more than 95 percent of an inhaled breath? Multiple Choice NO2 and N2 CO2 and O2 O2 and N2 N2 and Ar

O2 and N2

Which one of the following compounds is considered to be a molecular compound? Multiple Choice PCl3 NaBr Al2O3 Mg3P2

PCl3

Arrange these types of radiation in order of increasing energy per photon: gamma rays, infrared radiation, radio waves, visible light, UV (ultra violet). Radio waves < visible light < UV < infrared radiation < gamma rays Radio waves < infrared radiation < visible light < UV < gamma rays Infrared radiation < radio waves < visible light < UV < gamma rays Gamma rays < infrared radiation < UV < radio waves < visible light

Radio waves < infrared radiation < visible light < UV < gamma rays

Which air pollutant is the second-leading cause of lung cancer worldwide, behind tobacco smoke? Radon Ozone Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides

Radon

In metropolitan areas, the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere drops at night. Why? Wind blows away the ozone at night Energy usage goes down at night There are less cars on the road at night The formation of ozone requires sunlight

The formation of ozone requires sunlight

How do mineral nanoparticles in sunscreens protect from UV radiation? Multiple Choice The particles scatter incoming UV light The particles absorb incoming UV light The particles dissolve with incoming UV light None of these choices are correct

The particles absorb incoming UV light

When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant? Multiple Choice A person's lung capacity A person's breathing rate The toxicity of the pollutant The concentration in air of the pollutant

The toxicity of the pollutant

Why are HFCs inappropriate for long-term replacement of CFCs? They are flammable They are very toxic They absorb infrared radiation They are an appropriate replacement

They absorb infrared radiation

In the periodic table, which elements typically have similar properties? Multiple Choice Those in the same rows Those related diagonally Those in the same columns Those on opposite sides

Those in the same columns

What two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants? Multiple Choice Exposure and ppm Percentage and ppm Toxicity and percentage Toxicity and exposure

Toxicity and exposure

Determine the shape or geometry of PH3. (Hint: Use the Periodic Table to arrive at the electron configuration for phosphorous.) Multiple Choice Tetrahedral Trigonal pyramidal Bent Trigonal planar

Trigonal pyramidal