Chemistry 1132 test

Amino acids link together with ___ bonds

Peptide

An element with a low ___ generally has an unstable nucleus an element with a high ___ generally has a stable nucleus

Binding energy...binding energy

Radioactive isotope of an otherwise non radioactive element

Radioisotope

Elements with 93 or more protons in their nuclei

Transuranium elements

High-energy electromagnetic radiation

Gamma ray

An ___ particle has low penetrating power a ___ particle moves near the speed of light with 100 times the penetrating power of an ___ particle and ___ rays have the greatest penetrating power

Alpha...beta...alpha...gamma

The ___ of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus and the ___ is the total number of nucleons in the nucleus

Atomic number...mass number

Elements with an atomic number higher than that of ___ are radioactive

Bismuth

Metabolic pathway by which an organism breaks down a glucose molecule to release energy

Cellular respiration

The two types of nucleic are ___ acid and ___ acid

Deoxyribonucleic...ribonucleic

When an element transmutes particles are emitted and ___ is released

Energy

Series of reactions in which glucose is changed into pyruvate

Glycolysis

Smaller units DNA or RNA

Nucleotide

Particular atom identified by its unique combination of protons and neutrons

Nuclide

___ are the main lipids in the structure of living cell membranes

Phospholipids

Biomolecule composed of units called amino acids

Protein

Protein synthesis takes place in organelles called ___

Ribosomes

Device in which a nuclear fission reaction can be carried out at a controlled rate

Nuclear reactor

Large biomolecules responsible for storing and transmitting RNA information

Nucleic acids

A linear accelerator accelerates particles in a straight line but a ___ accelerates them in an expanding spiral path

Cyclotron

Two polynucleotide chains join together in a complex spiral-shaped structure called a ___

Double helix

In both DNA and RNA ___ bonds join bases together

Hydrogen

Anything such as x-rays or some chemicals that causes mutations

Mutagen

Energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons

Nuclear binding energy

The four main classes of biomolecules are ___, ___, ___, and ___ acids

Proteins...carbohydrates...lipids...nucleic

The four types of nuclear reactions are ___, nuclear ___ reactions, ___ reactions, and ___ reactions

Radioactive decay...transformation...fission...fusion

Study of chemical reactions in living things

Biochemistry

Enzyme helpers called ___ help enzymes combine with their substrates

Coenzymes

Process of joining two monosaccharides

Condensation

Nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a single nucleus accompanied by a release of energy

Fusion

Time during which one-half of a given number of atoms of a nuclide will decay to simpler nuclides

Half-life

Lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Phospholipid

Protein molecules that acts as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living things

Enzymes

A chain reaction stops when either all the ___ material is depleted or the ___ fail to hit a nucleus

Fissionable...neutrons

___ or chemical messengers are responsible for regulating bodily functions

Hormones

During fission there is a small loss of ___ because it is converted into energy

Mass

Series of steps necessary for enzymes to convert substrate molecules by ways of chemical reactions into a final product

Metabolic pathway

Sum of all the biochemical reaction that take place within an organism

Metabolism

Soap molecules cluster in groups called ___ that surround and suspend a droplet of oil or grease

Micelles

One neutron per fission event causes constant controllable fission

Strong nuclear force

The three subunits of a nucleotide are a five-carbon ___, an ___, and a ___ acid molecule

Sugar...organic base...phosphoric

___ RNA contains the code (anticodons) required to build the __. ___ RNA contains the complementary code (codons) to the code required to build the necessary protein.

Transfer...protein...messenger

___ can be created by bombarding uranium nuclei with alpha particles or neutrons

Transuranium elements

Permanent unfolding of a normal protein

Denaturation

The nuclear properties of an element are determined by the number of ___ and ___ in its nucleus

Protons...neutrons

Doughnut-shaped generators called ___ contain high-temperature plasma in a "magnetic bottle"

Tokamaks

Transferring of genetic material from one organism to another

Recombinant-DNA formation

Force that keeps nucleons together

Strong nuclear force