Chemistry 6

Study the reactions. 23490Th⟶23491Pa+__________+γ Which option correctly identifies the missing particle in the equation? γ 0−1e 42He 0+1e

0+1e Wrong 0−1e

Study the equation. 8737Rb⟶8738Sr+X Which option correctly describes what particle should replace X? 42He 0−1e 11H −10e

0−1e

Read the statement. Iodine-131 has a life of eight days and decays into Xenon-131 through beta emissions. How much of an 80 g iodine-131 sample would decay after 24 days? 60 g 20 g 10 g 70 g

20 g Wrong 60 g Wrong 70 g

Which option is a reaction for which half-life would be applicable? PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- → Pb2+ +2H2O 23592U+10n⟶14256Ba+9136Kr+310n 147N+10n⟶146C+11H HF + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + F-

23592U+10n⟶14256Ba+9136Kr+310n Wrong 147N+10n⟶146C+11H

If 120 g of a substance with a 2.4 minute half-life remains after 4.8 minutes, how much of the substance was present initially? 480 g 240 g 120 g 960 g

240 g Wrong 480 g

If, after 8 days, 120 g of a 160 g sample has undergone nuclear decay, what is the half-life of the original substance? 8 days 4 days 2 days 16 days

4 days

Study the equation. 22288Ra⟶21886Rn+X Which option correctly describes what particle should replace X? 42H 42He 11H 11He

42H Wrong 42He

Which reaction would be measured in terms of its half-life? HBr + H2O → H3O+ + Br- 5626Fe+21H⟶5425Mn+42He H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e- → PbSO4 +2H2O

5626Fe+21H⟶5425Mn+42He

How do control rods control the rate of nuclear fission? Control rods absorb and conduct the energy generated in nuclear fission away from the reaction. Without the energy, nuclear fission cannot continue on its own. Control rods reduce the amount of nuclear fuel in the reactor by displacing fuel rods when inserted. Control rods increase the rate of coolant flow into the reactor, reducing temperature and decreasing reaction rate. Control rods absorb neutrons which would otherwise strike other atoms and cause them to undergo fission.

Control rods absorb and conduct the energy generated in nuclear fission away from the reaction. Without the energy, nuclear fission cannot continue on its own. Wrong Control rods absorb neutrons which would otherwise strike other atoms and cause them to undergo fission.

Which option correctly describes similarities between the Chernobyl reactor and more modern reactor designs? In both systems, the fission reaction can be run at extremely low power levels without the reactor shutting down completely. In both systems, the fission reaction is controlled by cooling water, which is circulated through the system via pumps that draw power from the reactor. In both systems, the fission reaction is controlled by control rods and is cooled by cycling cooling water through the system. In both systems, the fission reactor is encased in a hardened containment building which will prevent leakage of radioactive material.

In both systems, the fission reaction is controlled by cooling water, which is circulated through the system via pumps that draw power from the reactor. Wrong In both systems, the fission reaction is controlled by control rods and is cooled by cycling cooling water through the system.

What roles does water play in a nuclear power plant? (Select all that apply.) Nuclear fission cannot occur at temperatures that are too high. Cooling water regulates the temperature in the reactor, allowing nuclear fission to continue. Cooling water transfers heat away from the reactor. Without a steady circulation of water, the excess heat would destroy the reactor. Water becomes steam which is directly used to rotate the turbines in a nuclear power plant. This rotation powers the electric generator. Water is used to power the control rods, which in turn regulate the nuclear fission reaction in the reactor.

Nuclear fission cannot occur at temperatures that are too high. Cooling water regulates the temperature in the reactor, allowing nuclear fission to continue. Wrong Water becomes steam which is directly used to rotate the turbines in a nuclear power plant. This rotation powers the electric generator. Cooling water transfers heat away from the reactor. Without a steady circulation of water, the excess heat would destroy the reactor.

Which option describes a disadvantage of nuclear energy generation? Nuclear power plants cause air and water pollution during their regular operation. Nuclear power is a leading cause of air pollution. Nuclear power plants are considered high-risk. Any accident may leak radioactive materials into the environment. Nuclear power plants require an expensive nuclear fuel. Nuclear power is not as affordable as other types of power. Nuclear power plants generate a lot of heat. Nuclear power is one the leading causes of global warming.

Nuclear power plants require an expensive nuclear fuel. Nuclear power is not as affordable as other types of power. Wrong Nuclear power plants generate a lot of heat. Nuclear power is one the leading causes of global warming. Wrong Nuclear power plants are considered high-risk. Any accident may leak radioactive materials into the environment.

Which of these is an accurate comparison of nuclear and coal power plants? Nuclear power plants generate electricity at about the same or a slightly lower cost than coal power plants. Nuclear power plants consume more fuel than coal power plants. Coal power plants do not release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, but nuclear power plants do. Nuclear power plants use a renewable energy source and provide a sustainable alternative to coal.

Nuclear power plants use a renewable energy source and provide a sustainable alternative to coal. Wrong Nuclear power plants consume more fuel than coal power plants. Wrong Nuclear power plants generate electricity at about the same or a slightly lower cost than coal power plants.

What are some of the advantages of nuclear energy generation? (Select all that apply.) Nuclear power plants do not release greenhouse gases such as CO2. Nuclear power plants generate electricity at relatively low costs. Nuclear power plants use renewable energy sources to generate electricity. Nuclear power plants do not generate any waste or pollution.

Nuclear power plants use renewable energy sources to generate electricity. Wrong Nuclear power plants do not release greenhouse gases such as CO2. Nuclear power plants generate electricity at relatively low costs.

Which statement correctly compares a design flaw found in the Chernobyl reactor design with a feature found in modern nuclear reactors? The Chernobyl reactor required control rods to regulate the fission reactor and any problem on the rods made the reactor unsafe. Modern reactors do not need control rods to control the fission reactor, but use coolant water to control the reaction instead. The Chernobyl reactor used control rods which had only two settings; fully inserted or fully removed. In more modern reactors, the control rods can be inserted into the reactor to any height. The Chernobyl reactor reduced the flow of cooling water at low reactor outputs to conserve on energy. In modern reactors, the cooling water is continually cycled through the reactor, even when the reactor is not operating. The process of inserting control rods removed coolant water first, caused a spike in reactor output in the Chernobyl design. In modern nuclear reactors, inserting the control rods will only decrease reactor output.

The Chernobyl reactor reduced the flow of cooling water at low reactor outputs to conserve on energy. In modern reactors, the cooling water is continually cycled through the reactor, even when the reactor is not operating. Wrong The process of inserting control rods removed coolant water first, caused a spike in reactor output in the Chernobyl design. In modern nuclear reactors, inserting the control rods will only decrease reactor output.

Which statement correctly describes the US Department of Energy's strategy in dealing with nuclear waste? The DoE currently has a long-term storage plan in effect. The DoE charges about 25% of the production cost of electricity and uses it to build and maintain nuclear disposal facilities. The DoE is reviewing scenarios for dealing with nuclear waste. Until recently, the DoE charged about 1% of the production cost of electricity to nuclear power plants and collected this money in a fund. The DoE currently has a long-term storage plan in effect. The DoE charges about 1% of the production cost of electricity and uses it to build and maintain nuclear disposal facilities. The DoE is reviewing scenarios for dealing with nuclear waste. The DoE charges about 25% of the production cost of electricity to nuclear power plants and collects this money in a fund.

The DoE is reviewing scenarios for dealing with nuclear waste. Until recently, the DoE charged about 1% of the production cost of electricity to nuclear power plants and collected this money in a fund.

Which of the statements correctly describe current limitations of fusion reactors. (Select all that apply.) Fusion produces carbon dioxide emissions similar to fossil fuel burning plants. Waste produced is more highly radioactive that that produced by fission reactors. The cost of building them is too high. Current designs produce less energy than is needed to produce the plasma.

The cost of building them is too high. Current designs produce less energy than is needed to produce the plasma.

Study the reactions. a. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O b. 146C⟶147N+0−1e Which of the options correctly describes the reactions? The first reaction is a chemıcal reaction because the nature of the elements in the reactants (H and O) and the product (H2O) changed. The second reaction is a nuclear reaction because the mass number of the reactants and the products are the same. The first reaction is a chemical reaction because the nature of the elements in the reactants (H and O) and the product (H2O) remain the same. The second reaction is a nuclear reaction because the mass number of the reactants and the products are the same. The first reaction is a chemical reaction because the nature of the elements in the reactants (H and O) and the product (H2O) remain the same. The second reaction is a nuclear reaction because the nature of the carbon atom changed. The first reaction is a nuclear reaction because the nature of the elements in the reactants (H and O) and the product (H2O) remain the same. The second reaction is a chemical reaction because the nature of the carbon atom changed.

The first reaction is a chemical reaction because the nature of the elements in the reactants (H and O) and the product (H2O) remain the same. The second reaction is a nuclear reaction because the nature of the carbon atom changed.

Study the graph showing proton and neutron counts of stable nuclei and read the statement. The band of stability shown in a graph with the y-axis as number of neutrons, the x-axis as number of protons, and the stable nuclides for each element as darkened data points that form a trend that moves up and to the right. A trend line below the band represents a perfect 1 to 1 ratio for protons and neutrons. A black trend line that represents a 1.5 to 1 ratio of protons to neutrons runs mostly through the center of the data points. Modified and labels added by FlipSwitch. BenRG. "Isotope and Half-Life." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, 2009. Web. PD-self. Polonium-210 has 126 neutrons and 84 protons. Which scenario is more likely to result in a stable nucleus? The n:p ratio of polonium-210 is above the 1.5:1 line in the graph. Polonium-210 can go into radioactive decay to release particles from its nucleus. Because the new nucleus would be closer to the ideal ratio, this would result in a more stable nucleus. The n:p ratio of polonium-210 is below the 1.5:1 line in the graph. Polonium-210 can react chemically with oxygen to form an oxide. Because nuclei are more stable in chemical compounds, this would result in a more stable nucleus. The n:p ratio of polonium-210 is below the 1:1 line in the graph. Polonium-210 fuses with a helium nucleus to form radon-214. Because radon-214 has a higher neutron to proton ratio than polonium-210, it would be more stable. The n:p ratio of polonium-210 is above the 1:1 line in the graph. Polonium-210 nucleus can split into two much smaller nuclei in a nuclear reaction. Because smaller nuclei are always more stable, this would allow the nucleus to gain stability.

The n:p ratio of polonium-210 is above the 1.5:1 line in the graph. Polonium-210 can go into radioactive decay to release particles from its nucleus. Because the new nucleus would be closer to the ideal ratio, this would result in a more stable nucleus.

Which statements are correct about half-life? (Select all that apply.) Some radioactive elements can have half-lives which are thousands of years long. The first half-life for a radioactive element often takes longer than second and remaining half-lives. The rate of nuclear decay reactions are expressed in half-life. The half-life for the elements in the same group in the periodic table is the same.

The rate of nuclear decay reactions are expressed in half-life. Some radioactive elements can have half-lives which are thousands of years long.

How does the US government handle low-level nuclear waste? The waste is cast in concrete and put in a remote, isolated location for long-term storage. The waste is stored at a temporary location, then moved to a remote location for long-term storage. The waste is transported to disposal location, then compacted and buried The waste is transported to disposal location, cast in concrete, and used as landfill.

The waste is transported to disposal location, then compacted and buried

How do nuclear power plants generate intermediate-level nuclear waste? The high-pressure steam generated by the nuclear reactor is radioactive and become intermediate-level nuclear waste. When a nuclear power plant is decommissioned, parts of the nuclear reactor become intermediate-level nuclear waste. Spent fuel rods and equipment used to handle fuel rods are intermediate-level nuclear waste. The cooling water used in the nuclear reactor is radioactive and becomes intermediate-level nuclear waste.

When a nuclear power plant is decommissioned, parts of the nuclear reactor become intermediate-level nuclear waste.

Which statement correctly compares the design of the Chernobyl reactor to the design of the reactors that are used in the US? In the Chernobyl reactor, low reactor output caused the reactor to become unstable, which lowered the output even further, until the fission reaction stopped. In US reactor designs, the reactor can keep functioning even at very low power outputs, which results in a more robust system. In the Chernobyl reactor, the pumps for the water coolant were powered by the reactor. When the reactor failed, the pumps and the water flow stopped, which further increased reactor output. In US reactor designs, the coolant pumps are powered separately from the reactor and will not get affected by accidents in the reactor. When cooling water in the Chernobyl reactor overheated, steam bubbles formed and reduced the amount of liquid water, which increased the reactor output even more. In US reactor designs, cooling water is required to keep the fission reaction going - lack of cooling water automatically shuts down the reactor. In the Chernobyl reactor, the mechanism to insert the control rods was powered by the reactor. When the reactor failed, the rods could not be used, which further increased reactor output. In US reactor designs, rods are powered and controlled separately from the reactor and will not get affected by accidents in the reactor.

When cooling water in the Chernobyl reactor overheated, steam bubbles formed and reduced the amount of liquid water, which increased the reactor output even more. In US reactor designs, cooling water is required to keep the fission reaction going - lack of cooling water automatically shuts down the reactor.

Why do only light elements release energy if they undergo fusion reactions? A nucleus with more than 60 particles has less energy than a nucleus with 60 particles. Fusion reactions which result in nuclei with more than 60 particles are inefficient. When two nuclei combine to form a nucleus with less than 60 particles, the fusion absorbs energy and forms a less stable nucleus. A nucleus with less than 60 particles has less energy than a nucleus with 60 particles. Fusion reactions which result in nuclei with less than 60 particles are inefficient. When two nuclei combine to form a nucleus with more than 60 particles, the fusion absorbs energy and forms a less stable nucleus.

When two nuclei combine to form a nucleus with more than 60 particles, the fusion absorbs energy and forms a less stable nucleus.

What is nuclear fission? a type of nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an atom emits electrons, transforming neutrons into protons a type of nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of two small elements fuse together to form a nuclei which is greater in size a type of nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei that have masses of relatively similar size a type of nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom splits into two or more nuclei, with one nucleus being very large and others very small

a type of nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei that have masses of relatively similar size

Read the passage. Scientists compare the amount of radioactive elements that are currently present in the objects to the amount of radioactive elements that were originally present in the objects. Then they calculate the object's ___________ by determining the number of __________ that had to pass for the radioactive element in the object to decay to its current amount. Which set of words can be used to fill in the blanks in order and make the passage true? age; centuries original mass; half-lives age; half-lives original mass; centuries

age; half-lives

How does the US government plan to handle high-level nuclear waste from nuclear reactors? by compacting in a shielded compactor then burying it in either a landfill, or a remote location, depending on its radioactivity by casting it in concrete and placing it in a remote, isolated location for long-term storage by casting it in concrete, storing it at a temporary location for 40-50 years, and then disposing of it in a landfill by storing it at a temporary location for 40-50 years, then moving it to a remote, isolated location for long-term storage

by storing it at a temporary location for 40-50 years, then moving it to a remote, isolated location for long-term storage

Match each type of radiation with its properties. beta radiation Select an option Select an option travel no more than a few centimeters in air and can be stopped by a piece of paper or human skin can penetrate many materials; however, concrete can block this radiation can penetrate paper, but they can be blocked by a sheet of metal like aluminum foil gamma radiation Select an option Select an option travel no more than a few centimeters in air and can be stopped by a piece of paper or human skin can penetrate many materials; however, concrete can block this radiation can penetrate paper, but they can be blocked by a sheet of metal like aluminum foil alpha radiation Select an option

can penetrate paper, but they can be blocked by a sheet of metal like aluminum foil can penetrate many materials; however, concrete can block this radiation travel no more than a few centimeters in air and can be stopped by a piece of paper or human skin

Read the passage. Unlike nuclear decay, which occurs gradually and spontaneously and releases relatively small particles, __________ involves atoms that break roughly in half as a direct result of being struck by __________. When these reactions occur, they usually __________ energy and release nuclear particles as byproducts. Which option correctly completes the passage? fusion; neutrons; absorb fission; photons; absorb fission; neutrons; produce fusion; photons; absorb fission; photons; produce fusion; neutrons; produce

fission; neutrons; produce

Read the passage. The most common example of a ___________ reaction occurs in our sun. The ___________ atoms in the sun go into a nuclear reaction to produce ___________. Which option correctly completes the passage? fission; hydrogen; helium fusion; hydrogen; helium fusion; helium; hydrogen fission; uranium; various elements fusion; uranium; various elements fission; helium; hydrogen

fusion; hydrogen; helium

Read the passage. Although only 3% of nuclear waste is ___________, this type of waste needs special shielding and has to be __________. Which option correctly completes the statement? radioactive; stored for long periods radioactive; cooled in water for centuries high-level waste; cooled in water for centuries high-level waste; stored for long periods

high-level waste; stored for long periods

Read the statement. In nuclear fusion, nuclei with __________ mass __________ and form __________. Which set of words can be used to fill in the blanks in order to make the statement true? high; combine; a larger nucleus low; combine; a larger nucleus low; split; smaller nuclei high; split; smaller nuclei

low; combine; a larger nucleus

Read the passage. Since the __________ count defines the element, transmutation reactions always involve a change in these particles. __________ is an example this process. Which set of words can be used to fill in the blanks in order and make the passage true? neutron; half-life neutron; radioactive decay proton; half-life proton; radioactive decay

proton; radioactive decay

Which option correctly defines nuclear reactions? reactions which change the neutron count of an atom reactions which change the proton count of an atom reactions which change the nucleus of an atom reactions which change the electron count of an atom

reactions which change the nucleus of an atom

Which of these is an application of artificial transmutation? studying how particles behave near speed of light producing easily transmuted elements, such as lead producing high-value elements such as platinum studying the nature of particles in particle accelerators

studying the nature of particles in particle accelerators

Which option correctly describes radioactive decay? the process through which atoms of unstable elements can gain stability by emitting energy and particles from their nuclei the process through which atoms of unstable elements can gain stability by emitting energy and protons from their nucleus the process through which atoms of unstable elements can gain stability by emitting energy and neutrons from their nucleus the process through which atoms of unstable elements can gain stability by emitting energy and electrons from their electron cloud

the process through which atoms of unstable elements can gain stability by emitting energy and particles from their nuclei

What is nuclear stability? the tendency of an atom to remain unchanged the tendency of the total energy of an atom to remain unchanged the tendency of the electron configuration of an atom to remain unchanged the tendency of a nucleus to remain unchanged

the tendency of a nucleus to remain unchanged

What is a half-life? the mass of a radioactive substance that can break down into products in a given unit time the number of moles of a radioactive substance that can break down into products in a given unit time the time it takes for a radioactive reactant to fully break down into a product the time it takes for half of a radioactive reactant to break down into a product

the time it takes for half of a radioactive reactant to break down into a product

Read the passage. The most researched type of fusion reactor is a design called __________. The main problem with these reactors is that they cannot keep the ___________ contained for long periods of time. This limits the power output of the reactors. Which option correctly completes the passage? tokamak; plasma magnetron; plasma tokamak; radiation magnetron; radiation

tokamak; plasma

Which word is defined as a process in which the atom of an element changes to the atom of another element? half-life determination nuclear stability gain transmutation reactions transformation reactions

transmutation reactions