Chemistry - Chapter 15 & 16
The pH scale in general use ranges from ...
0-14
The product of [H3O] and [OH] concentrations in water solutions equals...
10^ -14
The sum of the pH and the pOH of a neutral solution at 25 degrees C is...
14
Which of the following is the pH range for an indicator that is useful in studying neutralizations involving strong acids and weak bases?
3.1 - 4.6
hydrosulfuric acid
H2S
phosphorous acid
H3PO4
perchloric acid
HClO4
In the reaction HF(aq) + H2O(l) <=> H3O(aq) + F(aq), a conjugate acid-base pair is...
HF and F
hypoiodous acid
HIO
list the acids (iodic, hypoiodous, periodic) in order of increasing acid strength
HIO (hypoiodous) HIO3 (iodic) HIO4 (periodic)
iodic acid
HIO3
periodic acid
HIO4
In acidic solutions, indicators are primarily in the form...
HIn
nitric acid
HNO3
An acid that can donate two protons per molecule is called ....
a diprotic acid
grapefruit
acidic
Bases are said to be neutralized when they react with _______ to yield ______ and a ______.
acids; water; salt
Any species that can react as either an acid or a base is describes as...
amphoteric
Universal indicators...
are mixtures of several indicator solutions
If [H3O] of a solution is less that [OH], the solution is...
basic
blood
basic
eggs
basic
sea water
basic
An acid that contains hydrogen and only one other element is callea ....
binary acid
In a titration, an indicator changes color at the _______ of the titration
end point
A 1 M solution of NaOH will have a pH that is _____ than the pH of a 1 M solution of NH3
higher
When a weak acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH of the solution at the equivalence point is _____ than 7
higher
HI
hydriodic acid
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HBrO
hypobromous acid
Aqueous solutions of most bases contain...
hyrdoxide and cations
When a strong acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH of the solution at the equivalence point is ______ than 7
lower
A water solution is neutral if...
the concentrations of H3O and OH ions are equal
The pH range over which an indicator changes color is called the indicator's...
transition interval
pure water
neutral
HNO2
nitrous acid
The negative of the common logarithm of the hydronium-ion concentration is called...
pH
What can be observed about the rate of change in the pH of a solution during a titration?
pH changes slowly at first, then rapidly through the equivalence point, then slowly again
A _______ is a highly purified solid used to check the concentration of a standard solution
primary standard
Pure water partially breaks down into charged particles in a process called...
self-ionization
A substance that ionizes nearly completely in aqueous solutions, producing H3O ions, is what kind of acid?
strong acid
difference between strong acids and weak acids
strong acid: -ionizes completely in an aqueous solution -weak acid: -does not ionize completely in aqueous solution -aqeous solution contains hydronium ions, antions, and dissolved acid molecules
If H2O in the equation H2O + C2H3COOH <=> H3O + C2H3COO is a weak base, then H3O is a...
stronger acid
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
The antilog of a number N is...
ten raised to the power of N
How does a pH meter measure the pH of a solution?
-measures the voltage between the two electrodes that are placed in the solution -works because the voltage is proportional to the hydronium ion concentration
5 properties of aqueous acids
-sour taste -change in color of acid-base indicator -some react with active metals to release hydrogen gas -react with bases to produce salts and water -conduct electric current
explain how the production of sulfur trioxide, SO3, in industrial processes can result in acid rain. Write an equation for the reaction.
-sulfur trioxide, SO3, is produced as a gas -it dissolves in the water vapor in clouds -produces sulfuric acid solution that falls to the ground as rain or snow -SO3(g) + H2O(l) -> H2SO4(aq)
Barium carbonate will react with hydrochloric acid to produce what?
carbon dioxide, barium chloride, and water
H2CO3
carbonic acid
An acid-base titration determines the solution volumes that are...
chemically equivalent
The species that remains after an acid has given up a proton is called the acid's....
conjugate base
As the concentration of hydronium ions increases, a solution becomes more acidic and the pH...
decreases
Proton-transfer reactions favor production of the...
weaker acid and weaker base
During an acid-base titration, a very rapid change in pH occurs...
when roughly equivalent amounts of H3O and OH become present