CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS
The products of glycolysis important in metabolism are
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
Which of the following are reactive oxygen species?
.OH-, H2O2, ROO
Which of the following are produced as a net result of glycolysis? 1. NADH 2. NAD+ 3. ADP 4. ATP
1 and 4
When a person is deprived of food, in which order does the body use the following sources to produce glucose? 1. Protein breakdown to amino acids used for gluconegenesis 2. Conversion of glycogen to glucose 3. Catabolism of lipids
2, 1, 3
The overall yield of ATP molecules from the complete catabolism of one molecule of glucose in humans and other mammals is
32
What does the word aerobic mean
A condition in which oxygen is plentiful
What does the word anaerobic mean?
A condition where oxygen is absent
When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to
Acetyl-SCoA
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under aerobic conditions?
Acetyl-SCoA
Metabolism is composed of which process(es)?
Anabolism and catabolism
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism: Metabolic processes that break down molecules Anabolism: Metabolic processes that assemble larger molecules from smaller molecules
The mitochondria are located where ___ takes place and most ___ is produced.
Citric Acid Cycle; ATP
Glycolysis occurs mainly in the
Cytosol of all cells
All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except
Digestion begins in the stomach and is completed in the large intestine
Photosynthesis is an _____ process b/c the free energy of the product is _____ the free energy of the reactants.
Endergonic; greater than
Explain the difference in the fate of the energy released in each case.
Energy from combustion is released to the surroundings as heat is wasted/Energy from metabolic oxidation is released in several steps and is stored in each step so that it is available for use in other metabolic processes.
Which are the characteristics of Type 1 diabetes?
Excessive thirst, frequent urination, high concentrations of glucose in the urine and blood, weight loss
Select the electron carries involved in the electron transport chain.
Flavin mononucleotide, Cytochrome C, Iron Sulfur Clusters
Which of the following carbohydrates can also be used as fuel in glycolysis
Galactose, Fructose, and Mannose
What are the major monosaccharide products produced by digestion of carbohydrates?
Galactose, Glucose, Fructose
The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrates is known as
Gluconeogenesis
The most important monosaccharide for energy production is
Glucose
One or more of the following molecules are substrates or products in the glycolytic pathway. Identify them
Glucose, Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
Which pathway converts glucose to its storage form in animals?
Glycogenesis
Which pathway produces glucose from its storage form in animals?
Glycogenolysis
In an individual who is starving or fasting, the body meets its need for glucose first by the process of ___ and then by the process of ___
Glycogenolysis; Gluconegenesis
The pathway followed by glucose when energy is needed is
Glycolysis
Why is it important that glycolysis be tightly controlled by the cell?
Glycolysis must be tightly controlled because the body must avoid extreme fluctuations in glucose concentration.
First to Last
Hexokinase, Phosphoglucoisomerase, Phosphofructokinase, Fructose-1, 6-Bisphosphate Aldolase, Triosephosphate Isomerase
A lack of insulin causes ___ a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is ___ than normal
Hyperglycemia; Higher
When blood sugar levels are lower than normal, this condition is called
Hypoglycemia
Overproduction of insulin causes ___ a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is ___ than normal
Hypoglycemia; Lower
The diseases identified as diabetes are primarily associated with a malfunction of the hormone
Insulin
What are the characteristics of Type 2 diabetes?
Insulin is in good supply, but cell membrane receptors fail to recognize insulin and to allow the passage of glucose into cells
Low Blood Sugar Level vs High Blood Sugar Level
L: Weakness, sweating, rapid heartbeat, confusion, coma, death H: Increased urine flow, low blood pressure, coma, death
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when its metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?
Lactate
What principle describes the effect of added reactants and products of an equilibrium?
Le Chateliers principle
Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine
M: Amylopectin, Amylose SI: Dextrins, Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose
The cellular organelle associated with energy production is the
Mitochondria
The major products of carbohydrate digestion are
Monosaccharides
Glycogen is most commonly found in ___ cells and ___ cells
Muscle, Liver
What cofactor (coenzyme) is used?
NADPH
Endergonic reactions are those that are ___ and that __ liberate free energy.
Non-spontaneous; do not
Why is glycolysis called an anaerobic pathway?
None of the ATP produced in glycolysis results from oxidative phsophorylation
The major function of the pentose phosphate pathway when energy for anabolic reactions is a priority is
Producing NADPH
The most important goal of glucose metabolism is
Production of ATP as an energy source for all cells
In addition to producing ATP, the critic acid cycle produces ___ as high energy molecules and ___ as its major chemical waste product.
Reduced Coenzymes; CO2
What is the major purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Ribose 5-Phosphate
When ATP is produced by direct transfer of phosphate group instead of from reactions coupied to electron transport, the process is referred to as ___ phosphoylation
Substrate Level
Harmful byproducts of biochemical oxidation include
Superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals
What is the Cori Cycle?
The Cori cycle takes place in the muscles and liver and involves the conversions glucose (in muscle)--> pyruvate-->lactate (in muscles)--> lactate (in liver)--> pyruvate--> glucose (in liver)--> glucose (in muscle)
How do fasting glucose levels in a diabetic person compare to those in non diabetic person?
The fasting level of glucose in a diabetic is 140mg/dL or greater, as compared to an average level of 90 mg/dL for a non diabetic
Assuming that these reactions can go in either direction, how does a state of acidosis help to increase the generation of carbon dioxide?
The increase in hydrogen ion concentration drives the equilibrium to the right, causing the production of carbon dioxide
All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except:
The same enzymes are used in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Name the substrate and the product of gluconeogenesis
The substrate are pyruvate, lactate, amino acids, glycerol, the product is glucose
Name the substrate and the product of glycognesis
The substrate is glucose, the product is glycogen
Name the substrate and the product of glycolysis
The substrate is glucose, the product is pyruvate
Name the substrate and the product of glycogenolysis
The substrate is glycogen, the products are glucose and chain shortened glycogen
Purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle is
To break down acetyl groups to yield CO2 and reduced coenzymes
Which of the following is not used as an energy source in metabolism
UTC
Glycolysis
When glucose is in good supply and energy is needed
Gluconeogenesis
When glucose is in short supply and during fasting and early stages of starvation.