CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS

The products of glycolysis important in metabolism are

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Which of the following are reactive oxygen species?

.OH-, H2O2, ROO

Which of the following are produced as a net result of glycolysis? 1. NADH 2. NAD+ 3. ADP 4. ATP

1 and 4

When a person is deprived of food, in which order does the body use the following sources to produce glucose? 1. Protein breakdown to amino acids used for gluconegenesis 2. Conversion of glycogen to glucose 3. Catabolism of lipids

2, 1, 3

The overall yield of ATP molecules from the complete catabolism of one molecule of glucose in humans and other mammals is

32

What does the word aerobic mean

A condition in which oxygen is plentiful

What does the word anaerobic mean?

A condition where oxygen is absent

When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to

Acetyl-SCoA

Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under aerobic conditions?

Acetyl-SCoA

Metabolism is composed of which process(es)?

Anabolism and catabolism

Catabolism and Anabolism

Catabolism: Metabolic processes that break down molecules Anabolism: Metabolic processes that assemble larger molecules from smaller molecules

The mitochondria are located where ___ takes place and most ___ is produced.

Citric Acid Cycle; ATP

Glycolysis occurs mainly in the

Cytosol of all cells

All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except

Digestion begins in the stomach and is completed in the large intestine

Photosynthesis is an _____ process b/c the free energy of the product is _____ the free energy of the reactants.

Endergonic; greater than

Explain the difference in the fate of the energy released in each case.

Energy from combustion is released to the surroundings as heat is wasted/Energy from metabolic oxidation is released in several steps and is stored in each step so that it is available for use in other metabolic processes.

Which are the characteristics of Type 1 diabetes?

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, high concentrations of glucose in the urine and blood, weight loss

Select the electron carries involved in the electron transport chain.

Flavin mononucleotide, Cytochrome C, Iron Sulfur Clusters

Which of the following carbohydrates can also be used as fuel in glycolysis

Galactose, Fructose, and Mannose

What are the major monosaccharide products produced by digestion of carbohydrates?

Galactose, Glucose, Fructose

The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrates is known as

Gluconeogenesis

The most important monosaccharide for energy production is

Glucose

One or more of the following molecules are substrates or products in the glycolytic pathway. Identify them

Glucose, Pyruvate, ATP, NADH

Which pathway converts glucose to its storage form in animals?

Glycogenesis

Which pathway produces glucose from its storage form in animals?

Glycogenolysis

In an individual who is starving or fasting, the body meets its need for glucose first by the process of ___ and then by the process of ___

Glycogenolysis; Gluconegenesis

The pathway followed by glucose when energy is needed is

Glycolysis

Why is it important that glycolysis be tightly controlled by the cell?

Glycolysis must be tightly controlled because the body must avoid extreme fluctuations in glucose concentration.

First to Last

Hexokinase, Phosphoglucoisomerase, Phosphofructokinase, Fructose-1, 6-Bisphosphate Aldolase, Triosephosphate Isomerase

A lack of insulin causes ___ a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is ___ than normal

Hyperglycemia; Higher

When blood sugar levels are lower than normal, this condition is called

Hypoglycemia

Overproduction of insulin causes ___ a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is ___ than normal

Hypoglycemia; Lower

The diseases identified as diabetes are primarily associated with a malfunction of the hormone

Insulin

What are the characteristics of Type 2 diabetes?

Insulin is in good supply, but cell membrane receptors fail to recognize insulin and to allow the passage of glucose into cells

Low Blood Sugar Level vs High Blood Sugar Level

L: Weakness, sweating, rapid heartbeat, confusion, coma, death H: Increased urine flow, low blood pressure, coma, death

Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when its metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?

Lactate

What principle describes the effect of added reactants and products of an equilibrium?

Le Chateliers principle

Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine

M: Amylopectin, Amylose SI: Dextrins, Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose

The cellular organelle associated with energy production is the

Mitochondria

The major products of carbohydrate digestion are

Monosaccharides

Glycogen is most commonly found in ___ cells and ___ cells

Muscle, Liver

What cofactor (coenzyme) is used?

NADPH

Endergonic reactions are those that are ___ and that __ liberate free energy.

Non-spontaneous; do not

Why is glycolysis called an anaerobic pathway?

None of the ATP produced in glycolysis results from oxidative phsophorylation

The major function of the pentose phosphate pathway when energy for anabolic reactions is a priority is

Producing NADPH

The most important goal of glucose metabolism is

Production of ATP as an energy source for all cells

In addition to producing ATP, the critic acid cycle produces ___ as high energy molecules and ___ as its major chemical waste product.

Reduced Coenzymes; CO2

What is the major purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Ribose 5-Phosphate

When ATP is produced by direct transfer of phosphate group instead of from reactions coupied to electron transport, the process is referred to as ___ phosphoylation

Substrate Level

Harmful byproducts of biochemical oxidation include

Superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals

What is the Cori Cycle?

The Cori cycle takes place in the muscles and liver and involves the conversions glucose (in muscle)--> pyruvate-->lactate (in muscles)--> lactate (in liver)--> pyruvate--> glucose (in liver)--> glucose (in muscle)

How do fasting glucose levels in a diabetic person compare to those in non diabetic person?

The fasting level of glucose in a diabetic is 140mg/dL or greater, as compared to an average level of 90 mg/dL for a non diabetic

Assuming that these reactions can go in either direction, how does a state of acidosis help to increase the generation of carbon dioxide?

The increase in hydrogen ion concentration drives the equilibrium to the right, causing the production of carbon dioxide

All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except:

The same enzymes are used in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Name the substrate and the product of gluconeogenesis

The substrate are pyruvate, lactate, amino acids, glycerol, the product is glucose

Name the substrate and the product of glycognesis

The substrate is glucose, the product is glycogen

Name the substrate and the product of glycolysis

The substrate is glucose, the product is pyruvate

Name the substrate and the product of glycogenolysis

The substrate is glycogen, the products are glucose and chain shortened glycogen

Purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle is

To break down acetyl groups to yield CO2 and reduced coenzymes

Which of the following is not used as an energy source in metabolism

UTC

Glycolysis

When glucose is in good supply and energy is needed

Gluconeogenesis

When glucose is in short supply and during fasting and early stages of starvation.