Child Development Chapters 5-10 test study guide

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Head trauma is the number ______ cause of death from child abuse in the United States.

1

It is recommended that infants be breast-fed, including in combination with complementary foods, for how long?

1 year

What is the earliest age that a child at risk of obesity can be given reduced-fat milk?

1 year

By age 3, the average child has an expressive vocabulary of about ______ words.

1,000

Approximately ______ of parents report that their child aged 1 to 5 years has a sleep problem.

1/3

The newborn's brain is about ______ of its adult volume.

1/4

Allison is a 10 year-old who would likely need ______ hours of sleep per night.

10

Disorganized attachment is thought to occur in at least ______ of low-risk infants.

10%

Preschool children will average ______ hours of sleep per night.

11

When can an average baby stand alone?

11 moths

during what stage do children begin to climb up stairs one at a time, putting one foot after another on each step; later they will alternate feel. also begin to run and jump

15 - 24 months

The "naming explosion," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.

16

Night terrors usually peak at ______ of age.

18 months

Jonas has gained self awareness since he is able to recognize himself in the mirror. This tells us that Jonas is ______ months of age.

18 to 24

During middle childhood most children grow about ____ inch(es) per year.

2 to 3

How many inches will a typical early childhood age child grow in a year?

2 to 3

The average preschooler will add ______ inch(es) in height per year.

2 to 3

According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?

2 years

Toddlers start to become aware of which gender group they belong to early as

24 months

Children are most likely to use gestures before they have a vocabulary of ______ words.

25

In the United States, how much does the average one-year-old boy weigh?

25 lbs

During the _________ year after birth, children begin walking

2nd

Children should have all of their baby teeth by age

3

Handedness is usually evident by the age of _______ years old.

3

By age three, the brain of a child weighs about ______ and is nearly adult size.

3 lbs

What are the pivotal years in a child's psychosocial development?

3 to 6

A child experiences explosive growth and development during the first

3 years

Most children will begin to understand the relationship between pictures, models, and maps and the objects they represent at around ______ years old.

3 years

at what age do children come to understand that thinking goes on inside the mind?

3-5

It is important that children stop sucking their thumbs by age

4

Thumb sucking has virtually no long-term effects if the child stops by what age?

4

During early childhood, how many pounds does the average individual gain in a year?

4 to 6

The average preschooler will add _____ pound(s) of weight per year.

4 to 6

While many children who exhibit delayed language development will catch up, roughly ______% will experience long-term emotional and cognitive consequences if left untreated.

40 to 60

About how many children talk in their sleep during early and middle childhood?

40%

Most children in the United States begin attending kindergarten by what age?

5

Social phobia affects approximately ______% of children.

5

Children as young as ______ sometimes report depressed moods.

5 or 6

At what age does self-definition usually begin to change?

5 to 7

Improvements in the brain's processing speed and storage capacity allow the memory to hold more information while the child completes tasks.

5 to 7

About how many children sleepwalk during early and middle childhood?

5%

The ______ leading cause of infant death in the United States is through unintentional injuries.

5th

The brain is at 90% of its peak volume by which age?

6

How long does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that an infant be breast-fed exclusively (although formula is also acceptable)?

6 months

From the age of ______ months, infants begin to smile, touch, and babble with other children their own age.

6 to 12

It is thought that nearly ______ of children will experience at least one episode of night terrors.

60%

A U.S. study showed that after the first two hours of television viewing per day, every additional hour of TV increases a child's chance of obesity at age 30 by ______%.

7

What percentage of food allergies do milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, soy and wheat total?

90%

About ______ % of child deaths occur in poor, rural regions of developing countries.

98

Which of the following pertain to a child's self-esteem?

A child's growing cognitive ability to define himself or herself The judgment made about a child's overall self-worth The evaluative part of the self-concept

interactional synchrony

A form of communication in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states, especially positive ones.

What factor is NOT associated with delayed language development?

A lack of linguistic input at home

What is the best definition of IQ in childhood?

A measure of how well a child performs a task compared to other children

Differentiation

A process in which each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function

Intergration

A process in which the neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities

What tendency in early childhood is likely to indicate that the individual will have a higher IQ as an adult?

Ability to pay attention to sensory information and process it efficiently

Sleep disturbances may be caused by the following:

Accidental activation of the brain's motor control system. Incomplete arousal from a deep sleep. Triggered by disordered breathing or restless leg movements.

Distinguishing Between Appearance and Reality

According to Piaget, not until about age 5 or 6 do children begin to understand the distinction between what seems to be and what is. Initial research supported this view, but more recent studies have found the ability emerging between ages 3 and 4.

The Strange Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

prosocial behavior (altruism)

Altruism is helping another person with no expectation of reward. It is at the heart of prosocial behavior , which is any voluntary behavior intended to help others. Research has revealed three preferences: A preference to share with close relations. A preference to share with people who have shared with you. A preference to share with people who share with others.

Biological Approach

An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals

Baby Heather smiles as she looks at the bottle that has been prepared for her. The bottle is standing on the table while Heather's mother tucks blankets into the baby's crib. Heather kicks happily as she looks away from the bottle and watches her mother, still smiling. What form of communication is Heather demonstrating?

Anticipatory smiling

What type of therapy is most apt to be helpful when children have limited verbal skills or have suffered emotional trauma?

Art therapy

Baumrind's Model of Parenting Styles

Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative, Neglectful/uninvolved

What is the basic assumption of the visual preference paradigm?

Babies will look longer at things they like.

Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development.

Basic trust versus basic mistrust

Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development

Basic Processes and Capacities Childhood Memory Influences on Memory Retention

A child who uses executive functions should be able to

Be aware of their actions and how those actions impact others Consciously control thought

Mental Combinations (18-24 months)

Becuause toddlers can mentally represent events they are no longer confined to trial and error to solve problems. symbolic thought enables toddlers to begin to think about events and anticipate their consequences without always resorting to action. toddlers begin to demonstrate insight. they can use symbols such as gestures and words and can pretend.

animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Which statements accurately describe the development of children's theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood?

Between the ages of 2 and 5, children begin to distinguish reality from thoughts and dreams. Children begin to recognize that their desires can differ from another child's desires. Children begin to understand that others have their own thoughts.

Which perspective on gender development suggests that most behavioral differences between genders can be traced to biological differences?

Biological approach

What factors can either reinforce or soften a child's behavioral inhibition?

Birth order Relationships with friends and teachers Culture

As researchers study cognitive development in children, what has provided physical evidence that the brain has two separate long-term memory systems?

Brain scans

coordination of secondary schemes (8 to 12 months)

Bx is more deliberate and purposeful as infants coordinate previously learned schemes and use previously learned bx to attain their goals. they can anticipate events. Combination of actions to solve simple problems (e.g., bat aside a barrier to grasp an object, using the scheme as a means to an end); first evidence of intentionality

Understanding Emotions

By about 4 to 5 years, most children can recognize the facial expressions of joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. By around 5 years of age, children understand the public aspects of emotions. By about 7 years of age, children start to understand that mental states can drive emotions. By about 9 years of age, children start to understand more complex aspects of emotion.

Knowledge that the number of items in a set is the same regardless of the arrangement is called what?

Cardinality principle

What explains why infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps?

Cephalocaudal principle

What sound patterns can babies recognize before their first birthday?

Changes in pitch. Their own names. Syllables that often occur together

Breast-fed babies are less likely to develop which maladies?

Childhood leukemia Obesity Asthma

Children are best able to distinguish between fantasy and reality through actions, not verbal responses.

Children are best able to distinguish between fantasy and reality through actions, not verbal responses.

Kindergarten

Children spend less time on self-chosen activities and more time on worksheets and preparing to read. Resources with which children come to kindergarten include preliteracy skills and richness of a home literacy environment. It is important that children learn to sit still, follow directions, wait one's turn, regulate one's own learning

Contingent Self-esteem (contingencies of self-worth)

Children with contingent self-esteem attribute failure to their personality deficiencies. Children with noncontingent self-esteem attribute failure to factors outside themselves.

Which children are likeliest to suffer from a sleep disturbance?

Children with learning disabilities Children who are overweight Children with separation anxiety

Air pollution is associated with which health problems?

Chronic respiratory disease. Increased risk of death

Is Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses.

Committed compliance

What could be measured by psychometric testing?

Comprehension

Which of the following involves estimating the sum in an addition problem?

Computational estimation

the internal standards of behavior.

Conscience

What is the enormous "switchboard" that allows the left and right hemispheres of the brain to share information?

Corpus callosum

Early emotional responses

Crying Smiling and laughing Self-conscious emotions Altruistic helping and empathy Shared intentionality and collaborative activity

What test determines if children ages 1 month to 6 years are developing normally?

Denver Developmental Screening Test

What factors are most likely to increase the risk that a child will suffer from depression?

Depressed or anxious parents. Antisocial family. Family members who abuse drugs

areas of language development

During the early childhood years, key language development occurs in the areas of vocabulary, grammar and syntax, and pragmatics and social speech.

When can sound first be perceived?

During the last two months of pregnancy

How can children be poisoned by lead?

Eating lead-contaminated food Putting contaminated fingers in mouth Handling chips from old lead-based paint

What are the most important theories of motor development?

Ecological theory of perception Dynamic systems theory

What characteristics are typically first demonstrated during a child's infancy?

Empathy Altruism Fairness

What represents the correct order in which information is processed?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

refers to repeated urination in clothing or in bed. It is more common in boys and runs in families, suggesting that genetics may play a role.

Enuresis

What has been associated with ADHD, childhood cancers, and mental retardation?

Environmental contaminants Air pollution Pesticides

basic trust versus basic mistrust

Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Erikson's second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others

Peer Influences

Even in early childhood, the peer group is a major influence on gender-typing. Children who play in same-sex groups tend to be more gender- typed. Peer and parental attitudes reinforce each other. Peers can exert negative pressure on each other to behave in normative ways.

Which is a controversial perspective promoted by Charles Darwin?

Evolutionary development approach

What are symptoms of failure to thrive?

Excessive sleepiness Extreme fatigue Delayed motor development

Family Influences

Experiences in the family seem to reinforce gender-typical preferences and attitudes. Boys tend to be more strongly gender-socialized concerning play preferences than girls. The division of labor in a household matters, too. Siblings also influence gender development.

What is neglect?

Failure to meet a child's basic needs, such as food

neglect

Failure to provide the person with the goods or services needed.

How do mothers benefit from breast-feeding?

Feeling less anxious. Losing pregnancy weight quicker. Less postpartum bleeding.

What factors can contribute to sleepwalking and sleeptalking?

Fever Certain medications Sleep deprivation

What does the Denver Developmental Screening Test measure?

Fine motor skills Language development Personality development Gross motor skills

Neglectful/uninvolved parents

Focus on their own needs rather than those of their children.

A tingling in the mouth, hives, shortness of breath, and even death are all symptoms associated with what?

Food allergies

What is NOT a risk factor for infant obesity?

Gaining weight slowly after birth

What are the leading causes of infant deaths in the United States?

Genetic abnormalities and Birth defects

Some researchers have suggested that what issues contribute to night terrors?

Genetics Anxiety

Less reactive to stress. Likely to survive infancy

Girls

Is the preference for using a particular hand.

Handedness

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother, is not distressed when she leaves the room, does not reestablish contact with her on her return, and may even turn his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an avoidant baby.

What mistake did Piaget make as he was forming his theory about the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

He underestimated how much infants and toddlers know.

Factor s that affect speech and language include:

Hearing problems Head and facial abnormalities Premature birth Family history Socioeconomic factors Heredity

Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with deficits in

IQ memory and verbal fluency

A second-grade student can find her way to and from school due to what cognitive changes?

Improved spatial skills

Cultural Differences in Self-Definition

In individualistic cultures individuals are seen as separate from one another. Independence and self-reliance are highly valued. In collectivistic cultures individuals are seen as fundamentally interrelated. Group harmony and cohesiveness take precedence over individual concerns.

The Social Dimension of Play

In the 1920s, Parten (1932) identified six types of play ranging from the least to the most social. Parten found that as children get older, their play tends to become more social—more interactive and more cooperative. One kind of play that does become more social during the preschool years is dramatic play. A common type of dramatic play involves imaginary companions.

A child's first altruistic behavior tends to appear naturally at about what stage of life?

Infant

What are the major causes of death in childhood around the globe?

Infectious diseases Neonatal complications

Which approach focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving?

Information processing

What were outcomes of the passage of the Affordable Care Act?

Initiatives to reduce childhood obesity rates Increase in number of insured children Elimination of preexisting condition coverage exclusions

Withdrawal of love

Involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.

What is the inability to recognize that an operation or action can go two or more ways?

Irreversibility

Instrumental aggression

Is aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal. surfaces mostly during social play. The ability to show some instrumental aggression may be a necessary step in social development.

convergent thinker

It generally means the ability to give the "correct" answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most tasks in school and on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence.

What sentence best describes the brain's growth?

It grows in fits and starts.

What reasons do proponents of corporal punishment give to explain their support of this type of discipline?

It is more effective than other types of punishment. It instills respect for parental authority. It is harmless if done in moderation by loving parents.

Which ethnic groups have the highest rate of obesity among children ages birth to two years old?

Latinos and American Indian or Alaska Natives

What are benefits of breast-feeding for the baby?

Lower risk of SIDS Less likely to catch infectious diseases

What was an outcome of the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program?

More children acquired health insurance

What diseases do vaccines protect against?

Mumps Measles Rubella

Still-face Paradigm (Ed Tronick)

Mutual regulation in 2 to 9 month-old infants is measured. Caregiver and infant interact normally, then caregiver stops moving and maintains a neutral face. Infant immediately detects change and attempts to solicit caregiver's attention If no success, infant gives up... Very disturbing to infant - reflects expectation for reciprocal interactions

What is the common understanding regarding infants and the sensation of touch?

Newborns are capable of feeling touch.

What is slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning called?

Non-organic failure to thrive

Which of the following have been found beneficial for a child's intellectual development?

Number of books in the home Playthings that encourage the development of concepts Parents' involvement in children's play

What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?

Object permanence

During the preoperational stage, children begin to understand what?

Objects in space Number Causality

Children who are constantly fighting, are angry and resentful, and in constant trouble at school are often diagnosed as having

Oppositional Defiant Disorder ODD

Fearfulness

Passing fears are common in early childhood. Young children's fears stem largely from their intense fantasy life and their tendency to confuse appearance with reality. Fears may come from hearing about other people's experiences. It is both normal and appropriate for young children to have fears. Parents can help prevent children's fears by instilling a sense of trust and normal caution without being too protective, and also by overcoming their own unrealistic fears.

which stage might a child put a teddy bear in the toilet and flush it?

Piaget's Fifth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

which stage would a child start putting his mother's hands together in order to make her start playing patty cake?

Piaget's Fourth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

which stage would an infant start sucking a pacifier instead of a nipple?

Piaget's Second Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

which stage might a child be about to flush the toilet, but remember that it overflowed last time, and hesitate?

Piaget's Sixth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Fifth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's Stage:12-18 mo - New means through active experimentation: experimentation & creativity in the actions of the "little scientist".

Sixth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's Stage:18-24 mo. - New means through mental combinations: considering before doing provides the child with new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial-and-error experiments

Third Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's Stage:4-8 mo. - An awareness of things: responding to people & objects

Fourth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's Stage:8-12 mo. - new adaptation & anticipation: becoming more deliberate & purposeful in responding to people & objects

which stage would a child start playing patty cake with their mom?

Piaget's Third Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Second Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's stage:1-4 mo. - the first acquired adaptations: accomodation & coordination of reflexes

First Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Piaget's stage:Birth to 1 month - reflexes of sucking, grasping, staring, & listening

sensorimotor intelligence

Piaget's term for the way infants think during the first period of cognitive development

As children become more adept at using language in a culturally sensitive way, what are they learning?

Pragmatics

Breast-feeding mothers are less likely to develop which diseases?

Pre-menopausal breast cancer Ovarian cancer Osteoporosis

Women tend to contribute more to the raising of children because of constraints placed on them by which of the following?

Pregnancy Nursing

The presence of fantasy play and the use of symbolic gestures are associated with which stage of cognitive development?

Preoperational

According to Piaget, what is the stage of cognitive development in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic?

Preoperational stage

Which group generally believes that mental activity starts and stops?

Preschoolers

Types of Preschools

Preschools vary greatly in their goals and curriculums. Many preschools in the United States have followed progressive, child-centered philosophies stressing social and emotional growth in line with young children's developmental needs.

Which group is the most vulnerable to infant mortality?

Preterm infants

What is myelination?

Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance that enables faster communication between cells

is Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.

Receptive cooperation

What is NOT one of the chief causes of neonatal death worldwide?

SIDS

What is the term for the judgment children make about their overall worth?

Self-esteem

Comprehension of self is made up of which of the following?

Self-esteem Ability to understand emotions Self-concept

The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) found that babies tend to fall into three categories of temperament, based on which of the following characteristics?

Sensitivity to sensory stimulation Openness toward new people and situations Joyfulness or unhappiness

What is the initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information called?

Sensory memory

What is the difference between guilt and shame?

Shame involves feeling a lack of self-worth.

Among toddlers with a behavioral inhibition that causes them to feel afraid, some are less apt to develop social withdrawal when they become teenagers. What personality trait helps them reduce their anxiety?

Shifting their attention away from things that scare them

is Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.

Situational compliance

What unhealthy eating habit among children is associated with a greater risk of obesity?

Skipping breakfast

walking around and sometimes performing other functions while asleep.

Sleepwalking

What is not an expression of symbolic function?

Smiling

Understanding the Social Emotions

Social emotions involve a comparison of one's self or one's actions to social standards. These emotions are directed toward the self and include guilt, shame, and pride. They develop by the end of the 3rd year after children gain self- awareness and accept the standards of behavior their parents have set.

What promotes emergent literacy?

Social interaction

Cultural Influences

Social learning theory predicts that the cultural influences around us will influence the degree to which we become gender -typed. Children's books have long been a source of gender stereotypes. In the United States, television is a major format for the transmission of cultural attitudes toward gender. Movies also have an impact on the understanding of gender.

Which vocalizations linked to smiling are typically seen in a child less than one year old?

Social smiling Shrieking with laughter Visual recognition smiling

Individual Differences in Theory-of-Mind Development

Some children develop theory-of-mind abilities earlier than others. Other influences that explain individual difference are: Infant social attention Social competence Talk in the home Being bilingual Pretend play Culture Brain development

Identify one purpose of reflexes.

Some reflexes are instinctive survival mechanisms.

Distinguishing Between Fantasy and Reality

Sometime between 18 months and 3 years, children learn to distinguish between real and imagined events. They can pretend and can tell when someone else is pretending. Religion can influence this process. There are indications that imaginative activities may offer developmental benefits.

How long does development continue in the parts of the brain associated with language?

Sometimes into adulthood and Until at least late preschool

The ______ measures fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

In one auditory discrimination study, researchers played recordings of people reading aloud to unborn babies. The fetuses paid more attention to what?

Stories read in a language other than the parents' native tongue The mother's voice

Which regions account for the largest amount of under 5 deaths?

Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Asia

Which childhood medical conditions are categorized as chronic?

THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC medical conditions for this age include asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and stuttering.

Baby Carter sees an empty box on the floor. He crawls over to the box and begins putting his blocks into it. A few minutes later, he tips the box on its side and crawls into it. He then crawls out of the box, stands up, and puts the box on his head like a hat. He walks around with the box on his head until he bumps into the wall. Which sensorimotor substage is Carter in?

Tertiary circular reactions

Becky is in the kitchen with her mother. She takes out a pot and a spoon. She turns the pot upside down and begins to bang on it with a spoon as if it were a drum. She has just begun exploring objects in this way. Which sensorimotor substage is Becky in?

Tertiary circular reactions

What is an example of seriation?

The ability to place sticks in order according to size

Regulating Emotions

The ability to regulate, or control, one's feelings is one of the key advances of early childhood. Emotional self-regulation helps children guide their behavior and adjust their responses to meet societal expectations. Children develop the ability to regulate their emotions.

Unoccupied behavior

The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest.

Solitary independent play

The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them.

Cooperative or organized supplementary play

The child plays in a group organized for some goal—to make something, play a formal game, dramatize a situation. One or two children control who belongs to the group and direct activities. By a division of labor, children take on different roles and supplement each other's efforts.

Parallel play

The child plays independently but among the other children, playing with toys like those used by the other children but not necessarily playing with them in the same way. Playing beside rather than with the others, the parallel player does not try to influence the other children's play.

Associative play

The child plays with other children. They talk about their play, borrow and lend toys, follow one another, and try to control who may play in the group. All the children play similarly if not identically; there is no division of labor and no organization around any goal. Each child acts as she or he wishes and is interested more in being with the other children than in the activity itself.

onlooker behavior (play)

The child spends most of the time watching other children play. The onlooker talks to them, asking questions or making suggestions, but does not enter into the play. The onlooker is definitely observing particular groups of children rather than anything that happens to be exciting.

Neonatal death

The death of a live-born infant within the first 27 days, 23 hours, and 59 minutes following the moment of birth

Intelligence may be related to which part of brain structure?

The pattern of development of the prefrontal cortex

What is infant mortality rate?

The proportion of babies who die within the first year after birth

What is SIDS?

The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under age one.

tertiary circular reactions

The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.

Traditional Psychometric Measures

The two most commonly used individual intelligence tests for preschoolers are the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

false beliefs

The understanding that people can hold false beliefs flows from the realization that people can hold incorrect mental representations of reality. It is not until 5 to 6 years of age that children understand second -order false beliefs. Piagetian researchers have suggested it stems from egocentric thinking. There are links between the ability to pass false belief tasks and language. Deception is an effort to plant a false belief in someone else's mind. Most people do not view the ability to lie as a positive trait, it is nonetheless a developmental milestone illustrative of advances. Children become capable of telling simple lies at age 3. As children age, they become more likely to lie out of politeness or a desire to avoid hurting others' feelings.

How Attachment Is Established

The working model is a set of expectations the baby has, similar to Erikson's concept of basic trust. Secure attachment reflects trust; insecure attachment, mistrust. Secure base allows children to explore their environment more effectively. Equally important are mutual interaction, stimulation, a positive attitude, warmth and acceptance, and emotional support.

Selecting partners based on reproductive pressures is an example of which of the following theories?

Theory of sexual selection

In what ways are school-age children different than preschoolers?

They have more advanced physical abilities. They are aller and stronger.

Which statement is true about gross motor skills?

They involve large-muscle activities.

Knowledge About Thinking and Mental States

They understand that thinking about the past or the future might make someone feel sad or happy. They start to expect people to act in accordance with their beliefs, and when asked to explain people's behavior they use words like want or think. They also know that people's expressions might not necessarily match their internal state.

Which children are most likely to be sedentary?

Those living in public housing. Children with disabilities. Preadolescent girls

The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) identified how many main types of temperament among infants?

Three

What is the purpose of the rooting reflex?

To direct the infant to turn its head towards something to suck

How is brain activation related to a child's vocabulary?

Toddlers with large vocabularies have more brain activation in the left temporal and parietal lobes. Toddlers with small vocabularies have scattered brain activation.

Which reflex behavior is referred to as the Babinski reflex?

Toes fan out and foot twists

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is used for children who are how old?

Two years and older

MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?

Underextension

Between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, children experience all of the following changes except what?

Understanding false beliefs

What promotes normal growth and brain development in infants?

Vitamins High protein sources Minerals Calories

The social interaction model is based on the work of what researcher?

Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

When does identification typically occur in children?

When a child identifies with the same-sex parent. When a child gives up his or her wish to possess the opposite-sex parent

Developmental Changes in Self-Esteem

Young children's self-esteem is not firmly based on reality before the ages of 5 to 7.Most young children widely overestimate their abilities. Children's self-esteem tends to be unidimensional. Not until middle childhood does self-esteem become more realistic.

ZPD and scaffolding can help parents and teachers efficiently guide children's cognitive progress.

ZPD and scaffolding can help parents and teachers efficiently guide children's cognitive progress.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

a disorder that involves severe antisocial and aggression behaviors that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others

Information-processing theorists think of memory as

a filing system that has three steps: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

egocentric thinking (Piaget)

a form of thinking typical of the preoperational child in which the child can only view the world from his or her own perspective and can't take the perspective of others.

Strange Situation

a laboratory-based technique designed to assess attachment patterns between a 10 to 24 month-old infant and an adult.

A group of elementary children is likely to consist of

a mixture of tall, short, husky, and slender kids.

reminder session

a perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing or an experience

information processing theory

a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data including sensory input connections, stored memories, and output

Working memory

a short-term storehouse for information a person is actively working on, trying to understand, remember, or think about.

holophrase

a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.

Vygotsky viewed private speech as

a special form of communication: conversation with the self and was part of the learning process.children use private speech to help themselves accomplish difficult problem-solving tasks.

Long-term memory

a storehouse of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.

naming explosion

a sudden increase in an infants vocabulary especially in the number of nouns that begin at about 18 months of age

Sensory memory

a temporary storehouse for incoming sensory information that decays rapidly

people preference

a universal principle of infant perception, specifically an innate attraction to other humans, evident in visual, auditory, and other preferences

Evolutionary psychologists believe that females developed preferences for which of the following types of men?

able to provide ambitious supportive

Vygotsky found that children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't.

able to solve problems

In the United States, what is the leading cause of death among children between 5 and 12 years old?

accidents

Researchers theorize that infants understand causality more clearly as the children

accumulate information about how objects behave.

Children whose parents have a comfortable income and better education are likely to have

adequate insurance. better access to health care. wholesome diets.

Perspective helps tie together various aspects of infant cognition:

affordance and memory

instrumental aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Preschoolers are least likely to befriend a child who is

aggressive. disruptive and demanding. a different age.

grammer

all the methods- word order, verb forms, and so on- that languages use to communicate meaning apart from the words themselves

Fast mapping

allows a child to pick up the approximate meaning of a new word after hearing it only once or twice in conversation.

what does the theory of mind allows us to do?

allows us to understand and predict others' behavior and makes the social world understandable.

Researchers suggested that inhibited children may be born with an unusually excitable

amygdala

visual cliff

an experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another

To understand that people can hold false beliefs, a child must comprehend that it is possible to have

an incorrect mental representation of reality.

babbling

an infants repetition of certain syllables such as ba ba ba that beings when babies are between 6 and 9 months old

affordance

an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person place or object in the environment

Worldwide in 2015, what country had the highest death rate for children under age 5?

angola

An infants smiles at an object and then gazes back to an adult while continuing to smile. This behavior is called .

anticipatory smilling

Researchers have proposed that night terrors are related to

anxiety and that there is a strong role of genetic influences.

sexual abuse

any sexual activity involving a child and an older person

cognitive neuroscience approaches

approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes

Compensatory Preschool Programs

are designed to aid children who would otherwise enter school poorly prepared to learn. Research has shown that children who are enrolled in compensatory preschool programs show academic and cognitive gains. The best known of the early intervention programs in the United States is Project Head Start, a federally funded program launched in 1965.

Gender stereotypes

are over-generalizations about male or female behavior.

Gender roles

are the behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and personality traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or females.

Pragmatics

are the social contexts of language.

At what age can an infant remember a sound for at least 24 hours after first hearing it?

at birth

The Strange Situation is a procedure designed to assess ______ patterns between an infant and an adult.

attachment

a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

attachment

The information-processing approach uses children's ______ processes to infer what they know.

attentional

When infants are outwardly unaffected when their parents either leave or return, they are demonstrating

avoidant attachment

or nerve fibers transmit information between neurons.

axons

By ages 5 to 7, children's speech

become quite adult-like.

Sleep disordered breathing has been linked with what two types of difficulties?

behavioral and learning difficulties

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves

behavioral inhibition

use of reflexes

birth to 1 month. infants exercise their inborn reflexes and gain control over them. they do not coordinate information from their senses they do not grasp an object they are looking at.

Longer and heavier. Stronger and more active.Play with toy cars

boys

What part of the brain is almost completely formed at birth and regulates breathing and heart rate, among other functions?

brain stem

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment

can be different when the baby interacts with various people.

The efficiency of working memory is limited by its

capacity

Little Marcus understands that if he shakes his rattle a funny noise will come out. Marcus understands

casuality

The grouping objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties is called

categorization

The principle that events have identifiable causes is called .

causality

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called

centration

refers to the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

centration

what is one of the main characteristics of preoperational thought

centration

Which part of the brain grows the fastest?

cerebellum

self-definition

characteristics by which children describe themselves

Sleepwalking and sleep talking are generally harmless, and their frequency declines as

children age

The Reggio Emilia approach states that

children are highly valued, considered capable, and should be given the opportunity to explore what they desire.

Emergent Literacy Theory

children grow into reading and writing with no real beginning or ending point, reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways, and the learning process starts long before children enter school and does not depend on mastery of letter-sound skills.

Slow-to-warm up children

children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences.

Easy children

children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences.

Difficult children

children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.

language acquisition device

chomskys term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocab, and intonation

An illness that lasts a long time or keeps recurring is considered a(n) .

chornic medical condition

When infant Stacy starts sucking in anticipation of her bottle, what type of conditioning is she demonstrating?

classical

Lawrence Kohlberg is a theorist for the

cognitive approach.

Piaget saw private speech as a sign of

cognitive immaturity, and he believed that children were simply vocalizing whatever was on their minds.

Acute medical conditions include which of the following?

colds, flu, and viruses

During the process of emotional development,

complex emotions develop from simpler ones.

The goals of psychometric testing are to measure factors considered to be components of intelligence, including

comprehension and reasoning

Our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits, is our self-

concept

Piaget proposed that the operational stage of development begins at about 7 years of age.

concrete

A 9-year-old child who can use logical but not abstract thinking is in the ______ stage, according to Piaget's theory.

concrete operational

Piaget defined the ______ stage as a time when children can logically think about things as long as they can solidly relate it to real situations.

concrete operational

At the ages of 11 to 13, some children progress from ______ disorder to criminal violence.

conduct

A child who uses executive functions should be able to

consciously control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems

The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______.

conservation

Parents' expectations of a child should be clear, fair, and

consistent

Gender __________is the awareness that one will always be a male or female.

constancy

Preschool children whose parents provide ______ are more likely to become good readers and writers.

conversational challenges

A baby tends to have a better understanding of self-propelled objects after the child learns to

crawl

The ability to see situations in a new way and find novel solutions is called .

creativity

The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is

crying

What type of test is familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and features items that are at least familiar to all students taking the test?

culture free

Intelligence tests that draw on and adjust for culturally related content are considered to be

culture relevant test

What are outcomes of shaken baby syndrome?

death paralysis brain damage

What is thinking about multiple aspects of a situation at the same time called?

decentering

is to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.

decentration

Corporal punishment has been associated with all of the following childhood behaviors, EXCEPT

decreased anti-social behavior

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Grammar refers to the

deep underlying structure of a language that enables us to both produce and understand utterances.

Which type of perception depends on cues that affect the image of an object on the retina?

depth

Infant Bailey is given a series of tasks with established norms to measure his intelligence. Bailey is taking a(n) ______ test.

developmental

What is one of the most common diseases among school-age children in the United States?

diabetes

Overweight children tend to become overweight adults, which puts them at risk of

diabetes, hypertension and orthopedic problems

Power assertion

discourages undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

According to Ainsworth's model, ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, _________________ attached, Incorrect Unavailable babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display behaviors such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

When do the senses of smell and taste begin to develop?

during gestation

Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence actually occurs ________ for most infants than Piaget predicted

earlier

Nightmares are common during

early childhood.

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) __________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

The _____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver.

ecological

A child is playing hide-and-seek with friends by simply covering his eyes; this is an example of

egocentric thinking.

is the inability to consider another person's point of view.

egocentrism

what can help explain why young children sometimes have trouble separating reality from what goes on inside their heads and why they may show confusion about what causes what.

egocentrism

Discipline should fit the child's

emotional level. cognitive level. temperament.

Terrorizing, exploitation, and degradation are forms of

emotional maltreatment

Persistent sleep problems indicate

emotional, physiological, or neurological conditions.

The mental process that is like putting information in a folder to be filed in memory is called ______.

encoding

A person who can consciously control his thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems is displaying ___________ function.

executive

The growth of working memory permits the development of

executive function, which is the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

True or false: The Montessori method emphasizes children learning at their own pace in classrooms divided into groups of children of the same age.

false

True or false: There is a medical cause for failure to thrive.

false

do Motor skills develop in isolation.

false

In ______ the therapist observes how family members interact and points out growth-producing and growth-inhibiting behaviors.

family therapy

Many toddlers experience a "naming explosion," which is related to

faster, more accurate word recognition.

The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and ________ lobes.

frontal

Cognitive Levels of Play

functional play, constructive play, dramatic play, formal games with rules

Gender constancy develops in three stages in this order

gender identity, gender stability, gender consistency

kohlber's thoery states that

gender knowledge precedes gender behavior

A general outline of a familiar, repeated event is known as a(n) ______ memory.

generic

what are the three types of childhood memory

generic, episodic, and autobiographical.

causes for asthma include

genetic predisposition, smoke sposure, allergens such as household pets, molds, cockroach droppings

Our self-concept helps us to

guide our actions. describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves.

In the social-contextual approach, ordinary activities in which children learn from their parents are known as

guided participation

Interactions with adults that help structure children's activities and bridge the gap between a child's understanding and an adult's are known as .

guided participation

Infants who often point and use other gestures are more likely to become what sort of adults?

have a large vocabulary

What are the two most effective approaches to preventing childhood obesity?

healthy attitudes about food and approproiate activity levels

Specific phonological skills

help in decoding the printed word.

Children of what race are most likely to have untreated cavities in their teeth?

hispanic

According to Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development, as infants develop trust, they gain the virtue of

hope

information processing

humans accomplish this either in parallel (unconsciously) or in serial fashion (consciously)

chronic medical conditions

illnesses or impairments that persist for at least 3 months

acute medical conditions

illnesses that last a short time

What type of memory encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically?

implicit memory

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust is a developmental stage that occurs

in the first 18 months of life.

what does the theory of mind includes?

includes knowledge of thinking about mental states, false beliefs, and distinguishing between fantasy and reality.

Girls tend to engage in a form of

indirect social aggression known as relational aggression , such as aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's psychological well-being.

A therapist who focuses on developing insights for a child, focusing on his or her personality and relationships, is using ______ psychotherapy.

individual

Inductive techniques

induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.

A child understands that a chicken egg breaks and a robin's egg breaks. Therefore, the child assumes that all eggs break. This is an example of ______ reasoning.

inductive

anticipatory smiling

infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling

Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

infants become more interested in the environment; they repeat actions that bring interesting results (such as shaking a rattle) and prolong interesting experiences, actions are intentional but not initially goal directed.

primary circular reactions (1-4 months)

infants repeat pleasurable bx that fist occur by chance. activities focus on the infant's body rather than the effect of the behavior on the environment. infants make first acquired adaptations; that is, they suck different objects differently. they begin to coordinate information and grasp objects.

Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning is known as a(n)

intellectual disability.

The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

interprets feelings and experiences related to childhood attachments. Interventions which focus on maternal sensitivity is effective in affecting the security of infants.

Dramatic play

involves imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginative play. declines as children become more involved in formal games with rules , such as hopscotch.

Haptic perception

involves the ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them, such as putting objects in the mouth.

Self-awareness

involves the cognitive understanding that children have a recognizable identity, separate and different from the rest of their world.

is Piaget's term for a preoperational child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.

irreversibility

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

is individual intelligence test for children ages 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.

Social cognitive theory

is Bandura's expansion of social learning theory holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.

symbolic function

is Piaget's term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.

Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment Style

is a pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

is a pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors on his or her return.

Avoidant attachment

is a pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.

Temperament

is a person's characteristic, biologically based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations. may affect not only the way children approach and react to the outside world, but also the way they regulate their mental, emotional, and behavioral functioning.

Self-regulation

is a person's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.

Syntax

is a related concept and involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language.

Gender-Schema Theory

is a theory that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

is an individual intelligence test for ages 2 and up, used to measure knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

Separation anxiety

is distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.

Recognition

is the ability to identify something encountered before.

Recall

is the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory.

Self-esteem

is the evaluative part of the self-concept, the judgment children make about their overall self-worth. it is based on children's growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves.

functional play

is the lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements; also called locomotor play.

Retrieval

is the process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.

Constructive play

is the second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play.

theory of mind

is the understanding that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions. awareness and understanding of mental processes of others.

Stranger anxiety

is the wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants from age 6 to 12 months.

Social referencing

is understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person's perception of it.

The use of words to represent objects and concepts is the definition of

language

Piaget's theory that babies had limitations in early cognitive abilities, may actually be a result of immature ______ skills.

linguistic and motor

Even though improvements in tooth health have improved across both ethnic and socioeconomic lines, children living in (higher/lower) income homes and Hispanic children have more decay.

lower

What maternal behavior or condition is NOT associated with failure to thrive (FTT)?

maternal intelligence

Older children should be served an appropriate ____________ size in order to prevent obesity.

meal

What is the government program that provides medical assistance to low-income people, including children?

medicaid

Head Start provides

medical, dental, and mental health care; social services; and at least one hot meal a day.

Children in a(n)_____________ school choose the tasks that they would like to do.

montessori

If gender differences were only based on one's cultural environment, there would be ______ variability in male and female characteristics among different cultures.

more

The ecological theory of perception is a(n) ______ development theory.

motor

Children ages 3 to 6 make great advances in

motor skills development

Janey and her mother are sensitive and appropriate in their responses, which indicates an emotional and mental state called

mutual regulation

What are neurons?

nerve cells

Images of brain activity indicate that a child's ability to understand concepts such as conservation is closely related to

neurological development

Anxiety disorders may be ______ based or caused by early experiences.

neurologically

their occurrence has been related to difficult child temperament, high overall childhood anxiety, and bedtime parenting practices that promote dependency.

nightmares

About 1 out of 3 Head Start children are from

non-English- speaking homes and a lot live in single-mother homes. The goals are to enhance cognitive skills, improve physical health, and foster self-confidence and social skills.

Antipsychotic medications and other drug therapies are being used in children at a rapidly increasing rate, but most are being administered to the children for

nonapproved psychiatric conditions.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale provides measures of ______ and ______ IQ, plus composite scores.

nonverbal and verbal

The way people dress, play, and move their bodies demonstrates the role that _______ plays in our lives

norms

Poor motor coordination has been associated with an increased risk of

obesity or overweight in children in what is likely to be a reciprocal relationship.

Obese children are at greater risk for what illnesses as adults?

obesity, diabetes, hypertension

According to social cognitive theory,

observation enables children to learn much about gender-typed behaviors before performing them. Socialization plays a central role and begins in infancy, long before a child has a conscious understanding of gender.

What mental problem causes a person to suffer from repetitive, intrusive thoughts and irrational fears, or an overwhelming urge to engage in a behavior such as constant hand-washing?

obsessive compulsive disorder

Which approach has been especially useful in the study of infant perception and memory?

operant conditioning

Which two processes do behaviorists study to determine how children learn?

operant conditioning and classical conditioning

A pattern of excessive anger and disobedience toward adult authority for at least 6 months is defined as

oppositional defiant disorder

The types of prereading skills include

oral language and specific phonological skills.

self-concept

our total picture of our abilities and traits that determines how we feel about ourselves—who we think we are. it is a cognitive construction. It also has a social aspect that incorporates children's growing understanding of how others see them.

Boys engage in more

overt (direct) aggression and tend to openly direct aggressive acts at a target, such as physical or verbal aggression.

Who is the most common perpetrator of maltreatment?

parent

authoritative parents

parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them. respect children's independent decisions, interests, opinions, and personalities.

Permissive parents

parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

dynamic perception

perception that is primed to focus on movement and change

Baby Michael has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?

perceptual

Preschool provides children an opportunity to widen their ______, environment.

physical, social,

sensorimotor intelligence

piaget's term for the way infants think- by using their senses and motor skills- during the first period of cognitive development

The fact that the brain can frequently compensate for injuries to particular areas is a result of

plasticity

During what type of treatment does the therapist occasionally comment or make suggestions while the child plays freely?

play therapy

Enuresis that persists beyond age 8 to 10 may be related to

poor self-concept or other psychological problems.

What are the long-term risks for infants and toddlers that are malnourished?

poor health and stunted growth

Which of the following are enabled by the prefrontal cortex?

prefrental cortex enables planning, judgment, and decision making

working memory is located partly in the...

prefrontal cortex

Infant Julie's cooing is an example of

prelinguistic speech.

The early childhood period when children are not ready to engage in logical mental operations is called the __________________ stage, according to Piaget.

preoperational

is the second major stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory. Children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic.

preoperational stage

_________ skills are divided into two types: oral language and specific phonological skills.

prereading

Mutual regulation

process by which an infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.

Encoding

process by which information is prepared for long- term storage and later retrieval.

Generic memory

produces a script, a general outline of a familiar, repeated event. It helps a child know what to expect and how to act.

The difference between items a child can answer alone and items the child can answer with help is the zone of _________ development.

proximal

The changes in brain functioning during middle and late childhood include

pruning of gray matter.

Play is important for both ______ and ______ health.

psychological and physical

Gender differences are the ______ or ______ differences between males and females.

psychological; behavioral

One goal _________ of testing is to quantitatively measure the factors that are thought to make up intelligence.

psychometric

The focus of kindergarten has moved away from self-chosen activities and more focused on preparing children to do what?

read

one of the most effective paths to literacy is

reading tho children

A child's ______ language develops much more quickly than the ______ vocabulary.

receptive, expressive

When baby Jacob is placed in front of the mirror, he becomes very excited and kisses the baby. This would demonstrate Jacob's self

recognition

Gross motor skills

refer to physical skills that involve the large muscles.

Secure attachment

refers to a pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to find comfort from a caregiver when faced with a stressful situation.

Altruistic behavior

refers to activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward.

Episodic memory

refers to awareness of having experienced a particular event that occurred at a specific time and place.

Autobiographical memory

refers to memories of distinctive experiences that form a person's life history.

Gender Differences

refers to psychological or behavioral differences between males and females.

Private speech

refers to talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others and is normal and common in childhood.

Gender-typing

refers to the acquisition of a gender role. It takes place early in childhood but children vary greatly in the degree to which they become gender-typed.

Gender identity

refers to the awareness of one's femaleness or maleness and all it implies. It is an important aspect of the developing self-concept.

Gender Stability (Kohlberg)

refers to the awareness that gender does not change; however, judgments about gender are based on superficial appearances and stereotyped behaviors.

Gender consistency

refers to the realization that outward appearances do not affect gender.

Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way are called _______ behaviors.

reflex

Research has shown that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is followed by a visual display, music, or a human voice. The visual display, music, or human voice is considered to be a(n)

reinforcer

emotional maltreatment

rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders

Attachment is a ______ process between the child's temperament and the parenting style.

relational

emergent literacy

rerfers to a preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.

According to Ainsworth's model, a(n)_____________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

type 1 diabetes

result of an insulin dificiency that occurs when insulin prodiing cells int eh pancreas are destroyed,

Jake can roll a ball of clay into a snake and knows that he can also change the shape back into a ball. Jake understands the principle of .

reversibility

The triarchic theory of intelligence was developed by

robert Sternberg

occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side in search of a nipple.

rooting reflex

self-concept

s our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits. It describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions. It develops by at least 3 months of age, when infants begin to recognize themselves in the mirror.

an _________ is the general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior; it is produced from genetic memory.

script

Some proponents of universal preschools predict that such a program would enhance children's academic skills through which grade?

second grade

A visual recognition smile is typically seen during the

second month.

When an infant protests the mother leaving but are able to effectively gain comfort when she returns, they are seen as having ______________ attachment.

secure

Mothers of ______ attached babies tend to be sensitive and responsive.

securely

contingent self-esteem

self-esteem based on the approval of others or on social comparisons

The conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being is called

self-recognition

A major foundation of early socialization is a child's ability to

self-regulate

What is the name of the first Piagetian stage, which occurs between birth and 2 years of age?

sensorimotor

Between ages 4 and 5, children use

sentences that are declarative, negative, interrogative, or imperative.

Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing

seperation anxiety

Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing .

seperation anxiety

A child understands that if he wants to arrange sticks from shortest to longest, each stick must be longer than the one that precedes it and shorter than the one that follows it. The child is using

seriation

In addition to neglect, three forms of abuse that are considered maltreatment are physical, emotional, and

sexual

Maltreatment in which an infant or toddler is shaken and injured is called

shaken baby syndrom

By age 3, children use

short, simple, declarative sentences.

The least developed sense at birth is

sight

Andy is mild and somewhat negative, and he needs time to adapt to new people and situations. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Fine motor skills involve _______ muscles.

small

Most children get at least one-third of their calories from

snacks

Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations is also known by what two terms?

social anxiety and social phobia

It plays a role in the key developments of toddlerhood: Rise of self-conscious emotions Development of a sense of self Processes of socialization and internalization

social referencing

Gender-typing

socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

Ainsworth created the ___________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange situation

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Self-conscious emotions

such as embarrassment, envy, and shame arise only after children have developed self-awareness at about age 3.

Emotions

such as fear, anger, or joy, are subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes. Includes self-conscious emotions , such as shame and embarrassment.

Scaffolding (Vygotsky)

support of learning allows students to complete tasks they are not able to complete independently. Scaffolding is lessened as children gain in skills. Scaffolding helps children learn.

Children who suffer from learning disabilities tend to be less

task orientated

The relatively consistent and predictable way that individual babies respond to their environment is known as

temperament

visual preference

tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another

Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory

the acquisition of gender roles hinges on gender constancy; a child's realization that his or her sex will always be the same. Gender constancy develops in three stages: gender identity, gender stability, and gender consistency.

deferred imitation

the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present

Psychometric testing

the activity of using tests that are designed to show someone's personality, mental ability, opinions, etc., in order to decide whether or not to employ them

mean length of utterance

the average number of words and meaningful sounds in a typical sentence called utterance because children may not talk in complete sentences. MLU is often used to indicate how advanced a child's language development is

The Montessori method is based on

the belief that children's natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects.

What factors are most likely to contribute to the development of separation anxiety disorder in a school-age child?

the death of a pet a close knit caring family a serious illness

zone of proximal development

the difference b/t the items a child can answer alone and the items the child can answer with help

primary circular reaction

the first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them

child directed speech

the high pitched simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children

metamemory

the knowledge of and reflection about memory processes

gender stereotypes

the preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior.

Guided Participation (Vygotsky)

the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

object permanence

the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

Storage

the retention of information in memory for future use.

secondary circular reactions

the second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move

"little scientist"

the stage five toddler age (12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration

tertiary circular reactions

the third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world

object concept/object permanence

the understanding that objects have independent existence, characteristics and locations in space.

Children's self-definition

the way they describe themselves, typically changes between about ages 5 and 7, reflecting a development in cognitive abilities.

What allows us to interpret and anticipate the behavior of other people and makes the social world more comprehensible?

theory of mind

True or false: The majority of neonatal deaths are preventable.

they are preventable, resulting from a combination of poverty, poor maternal health and nutrition, infection and inadequate medical care.

type 1 diabetes symptoms

thirst and urination, hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue

how do preschool children show symbolic function

through deferred imitation, which is based on having kept a mental representation of an observed action. Pretend play and language

What are the top two oral health concerns in early childhood?

thumb sucking and tooth decay

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

toddlers show curiosity and experimentation; they purposefully vary their actions to see results. They actively explore their world to determine what is novel about an object, event, or situation. they try new activities nd use trial and error in solving problems. Experimentation to find new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes (e.g., explore bathwater by gently patting it, then hitting it vigorously and watching the results; or stroke, pinch, squeeze, and pat a cat to see how it responds to varied actions)

In moderate amounts, fluoride has been shown to help prevent

tooth decay

What is the first sense to develop?

touch

Which is the most mature sensory system during the first few months of life?

touch

Children grow an average of 2 to 3 inches per year during the elementary school years.

true

True or false: A genetic component is suspected in childhood depression.

true

True or false: Neglect is a form of maltreatment.

true

are boys are more likely to be left-handed than are girls?

true

______ preschool is a proposed national system for child care and education within the public schools.

universal

A child's expressive vocabulary consists of words that the child

uses when speaking.

Fine-tuning the amount of gray matter and connections increases the brain's ability to respond to

various things the child is experiencing in life.

Which four are among Gardner's proposed types of intelligences? (Select all that apply.)

verbal-linguistic, logic mathematical, and to some extent visual spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. existential

an ______ _________ gives an illusion of depth and is used to assess depth perception of infants.

visual clif

The amount of time an infant spends looking at different kinds of sights is a measure of

visual preference

oral language skills

vocabulary, syntax, narrative structure, and the understanding that language is used to communicate

underextension

when children define words more narrowly than adults do

Improvements in the brain's processing speed and storage capacity allow the _________ memory to hold more information while the child completes tasks.

working

Children might be slow to develop the concept of object permanence because their ______ also develops slowly.

working memory

Information that is being encoded or retrieved is kept in the brain's

working memory


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