Child Development Chapters 5-10 test study guide
Head trauma is the number ______ cause of death from child abuse in the United States.
1
It is recommended that infants be breast-fed, including in combination with complementary foods, for how long?
1 year
What is the earliest age that a child at risk of obesity can be given reduced-fat milk?
1 year
By age 3, the average child has an expressive vocabulary of about ______ words.
1,000
Approximately ______ of parents report that their child aged 1 to 5 years has a sleep problem.
1/3
The newborn's brain is about ______ of its adult volume.
1/4
Allison is a 10 year-old who would likely need ______ hours of sleep per night.
10
Disorganized attachment is thought to occur in at least ______ of low-risk infants.
10%
Preschool children will average ______ hours of sleep per night.
11
When can an average baby stand alone?
11 moths
during what stage do children begin to climb up stairs one at a time, putting one foot after another on each step; later they will alternate feel. also begin to run and jump
15 - 24 months
The "naming explosion," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.
16
Night terrors usually peak at ______ of age.
18 months
Jonas has gained self awareness since he is able to recognize himself in the mirror. This tells us that Jonas is ______ months of age.
18 to 24
During middle childhood most children grow about ____ inch(es) per year.
2 to 3
How many inches will a typical early childhood age child grow in a year?
2 to 3
The average preschooler will add ______ inch(es) in height per year.
2 to 3
According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?
2 years
Toddlers start to become aware of which gender group they belong to early as
24 months
Children are most likely to use gestures before they have a vocabulary of ______ words.
25
In the United States, how much does the average one-year-old boy weigh?
25 lbs
During the _________ year after birth, children begin walking
2nd
Children should have all of their baby teeth by age
3
Handedness is usually evident by the age of _______ years old.
3
By age three, the brain of a child weighs about ______ and is nearly adult size.
3 lbs
What are the pivotal years in a child's psychosocial development?
3 to 6
A child experiences explosive growth and development during the first
3 years
Most children will begin to understand the relationship between pictures, models, and maps and the objects they represent at around ______ years old.
3 years
at what age do children come to understand that thinking goes on inside the mind?
3-5
It is important that children stop sucking their thumbs by age
4
Thumb sucking has virtually no long-term effects if the child stops by what age?
4
During early childhood, how many pounds does the average individual gain in a year?
4 to 6
The average preschooler will add _____ pound(s) of weight per year.
4 to 6
While many children who exhibit delayed language development will catch up, roughly ______% will experience long-term emotional and cognitive consequences if left untreated.
40 to 60
About how many children talk in their sleep during early and middle childhood?
40%
Most children in the United States begin attending kindergarten by what age?
5
Social phobia affects approximately ______% of children.
5
Children as young as ______ sometimes report depressed moods.
5 or 6
At what age does self-definition usually begin to change?
5 to 7
Improvements in the brain's processing speed and storage capacity allow the memory to hold more information while the child completes tasks.
5 to 7
About how many children sleepwalk during early and middle childhood?
5%
The ______ leading cause of infant death in the United States is through unintentional injuries.
5th
The brain is at 90% of its peak volume by which age?
6
How long does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that an infant be breast-fed exclusively (although formula is also acceptable)?
6 months
From the age of ______ months, infants begin to smile, touch, and babble with other children their own age.
6 to 12
It is thought that nearly ______ of children will experience at least one episode of night terrors.
60%
A U.S. study showed that after the first two hours of television viewing per day, every additional hour of TV increases a child's chance of obesity at age 30 by ______%.
7
What percentage of food allergies do milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, soy and wheat total?
90%
About ______ % of child deaths occur in poor, rural regions of developing countries.
98
Which of the following pertain to a child's self-esteem?
A child's growing cognitive ability to define himself or herself The judgment made about a child's overall self-worth The evaluative part of the self-concept
interactional synchrony
A form of communication in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states, especially positive ones.
What factor is NOT associated with delayed language development?
A lack of linguistic input at home
What is the best definition of IQ in childhood?
A measure of how well a child performs a task compared to other children
Differentiation
A process in which each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function
Intergration
A process in which the neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities
What tendency in early childhood is likely to indicate that the individual will have a higher IQ as an adult?
Ability to pay attention to sensory information and process it efficiently
Sleep disturbances may be caused by the following:
Accidental activation of the brain's motor control system. Incomplete arousal from a deep sleep. Triggered by disordered breathing or restless leg movements.
Distinguishing Between Appearance and Reality
According to Piaget, not until about age 5 or 6 do children begin to understand the distinction between what seems to be and what is. Initial research supported this view, but more recent studies have found the ability emerging between ages 3 and 4.
The Strange Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth.
prosocial behavior (altruism)
Altruism is helping another person with no expectation of reward. It is at the heart of prosocial behavior , which is any voluntary behavior intended to help others. Research has revealed three preferences: A preference to share with close relations. A preference to share with people who have shared with you. A preference to share with people who share with others.
Biological Approach
An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals
Baby Heather smiles as she looks at the bottle that has been prepared for her. The bottle is standing on the table while Heather's mother tucks blankets into the baby's crib. Heather kicks happily as she looks away from the bottle and watches her mother, still smiling. What form of communication is Heather demonstrating?
Anticipatory smiling
What type of therapy is most apt to be helpful when children have limited verbal skills or have suffered emotional trauma?
Art therapy
Baumrind's Model of Parenting Styles
Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative, Neglectful/uninvolved
What is the basic assumption of the visual preference paradigm?
Babies will look longer at things they like.
Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development.
Basic trust versus basic mistrust
Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development
Basic Processes and Capacities Childhood Memory Influences on Memory Retention
A child who uses executive functions should be able to
Be aware of their actions and how those actions impact others Consciously control thought
Mental Combinations (18-24 months)
Becuause toddlers can mentally represent events they are no longer confined to trial and error to solve problems. symbolic thought enables toddlers to begin to think about events and anticipate their consequences without always resorting to action. toddlers begin to demonstrate insight. they can use symbols such as gestures and words and can pretend.
animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Which statements accurately describe the development of children's theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood?
Between the ages of 2 and 5, children begin to distinguish reality from thoughts and dreams. Children begin to recognize that their desires can differ from another child's desires. Children begin to understand that others have their own thoughts.
Which perspective on gender development suggests that most behavioral differences between genders can be traced to biological differences?
Biological approach
What factors can either reinforce or soften a child's behavioral inhibition?
Birth order Relationships with friends and teachers Culture
As researchers study cognitive development in children, what has provided physical evidence that the brain has two separate long-term memory systems?
Brain scans
coordination of secondary schemes (8 to 12 months)
Bx is more deliberate and purposeful as infants coordinate previously learned schemes and use previously learned bx to attain their goals. they can anticipate events. Combination of actions to solve simple problems (e.g., bat aside a barrier to grasp an object, using the scheme as a means to an end); first evidence of intentionality
Understanding Emotions
By about 4 to 5 years, most children can recognize the facial expressions of joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. By around 5 years of age, children understand the public aspects of emotions. By about 7 years of age, children start to understand that mental states can drive emotions. By about 9 years of age, children start to understand more complex aspects of emotion.
Knowledge that the number of items in a set is the same regardless of the arrangement is called what?
Cardinality principle
What explains why infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps?
Cephalocaudal principle
What sound patterns can babies recognize before their first birthday?
Changes in pitch. Their own names. Syllables that often occur together
Breast-fed babies are less likely to develop which maladies?
Childhood leukemia Obesity Asthma
Children are best able to distinguish between fantasy and reality through actions, not verbal responses.
Children are best able to distinguish between fantasy and reality through actions, not verbal responses.
Kindergarten
Children spend less time on self-chosen activities and more time on worksheets and preparing to read. Resources with which children come to kindergarten include preliteracy skills and richness of a home literacy environment. It is important that children learn to sit still, follow directions, wait one's turn, regulate one's own learning
Contingent Self-esteem (contingencies of self-worth)
Children with contingent self-esteem attribute failure to their personality deficiencies. Children with noncontingent self-esteem attribute failure to factors outside themselves.
Which children are likeliest to suffer from a sleep disturbance?
Children with learning disabilities Children who are overweight Children with separation anxiety
Air pollution is associated with which health problems?
Chronic respiratory disease. Increased risk of death
Is Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses.
Committed compliance
What could be measured by psychometric testing?
Comprehension
Which of the following involves estimating the sum in an addition problem?
Computational estimation
the internal standards of behavior.
Conscience
What is the enormous "switchboard" that allows the left and right hemispheres of the brain to share information?
Corpus callosum
Early emotional responses
Crying Smiling and laughing Self-conscious emotions Altruistic helping and empathy Shared intentionality and collaborative activity
What test determines if children ages 1 month to 6 years are developing normally?
Denver Developmental Screening Test
What factors are most likely to increase the risk that a child will suffer from depression?
Depressed or anxious parents. Antisocial family. Family members who abuse drugs
areas of language development
During the early childhood years, key language development occurs in the areas of vocabulary, grammar and syntax, and pragmatics and social speech.
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy
How can children be poisoned by lead?
Eating lead-contaminated food Putting contaminated fingers in mouth Handling chips from old lead-based paint
What are the most important theories of motor development?
Ecological theory of perception Dynamic systems theory
What characteristics are typically first demonstrated during a child's infancy?
Empathy Altruism Fairness
What represents the correct order in which information is processed?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
refers to repeated urination in clothing or in bed. It is more common in boys and runs in families, suggesting that genetics may play a role.
Enuresis
What has been associated with ADHD, childhood cancers, and mental retardation?
Environmental contaminants Air pollution Pesticides
basic trust versus basic mistrust
Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Erikson's second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others
Peer Influences
Even in early childhood, the peer group is a major influence on gender-typing. Children who play in same-sex groups tend to be more gender- typed. Peer and parental attitudes reinforce each other. Peers can exert negative pressure on each other to behave in normative ways.
Which is a controversial perspective promoted by Charles Darwin?
Evolutionary development approach
What are symptoms of failure to thrive?
Excessive sleepiness Extreme fatigue Delayed motor development
Family Influences
Experiences in the family seem to reinforce gender-typical preferences and attitudes. Boys tend to be more strongly gender-socialized concerning play preferences than girls. The division of labor in a household matters, too. Siblings also influence gender development.
What is neglect?
Failure to meet a child's basic needs, such as food
neglect
Failure to provide the person with the goods or services needed.
How do mothers benefit from breast-feeding?
Feeling less anxious. Losing pregnancy weight quicker. Less postpartum bleeding.
What factors can contribute to sleepwalking and sleeptalking?
Fever Certain medications Sleep deprivation
What does the Denver Developmental Screening Test measure?
Fine motor skills Language development Personality development Gross motor skills
Neglectful/uninvolved parents
Focus on their own needs rather than those of their children.
A tingling in the mouth, hives, shortness of breath, and even death are all symptoms associated with what?
Food allergies
What is NOT a risk factor for infant obesity?
Gaining weight slowly after birth
What are the leading causes of infant deaths in the United States?
Genetic abnormalities and Birth defects
Some researchers have suggested that what issues contribute to night terrors?
Genetics Anxiety
Less reactive to stress. Likely to survive infancy
Girls
Is the preference for using a particular hand.
Handedness
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother, is not distressed when she leaves the room, does not reestablish contact with her on her return, and may even turn his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an avoidant baby.
What mistake did Piaget make as he was forming his theory about the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
He underestimated how much infants and toddlers know.
Factor s that affect speech and language include:
Hearing problems Head and facial abnormalities Premature birth Family history Socioeconomic factors Heredity
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with deficits in
IQ memory and verbal fluency
A second-grade student can find her way to and from school due to what cognitive changes?
Improved spatial skills
Cultural Differences in Self-Definition
In individualistic cultures individuals are seen as separate from one another. Independence and self-reliance are highly valued. In collectivistic cultures individuals are seen as fundamentally interrelated. Group harmony and cohesiveness take precedence over individual concerns.
The Social Dimension of Play
In the 1920s, Parten (1932) identified six types of play ranging from the least to the most social. Parten found that as children get older, their play tends to become more social—more interactive and more cooperative. One kind of play that does become more social during the preschool years is dramatic play. A common type of dramatic play involves imaginary companions.
A child's first altruistic behavior tends to appear naturally at about what stage of life?
Infant
What are the major causes of death in childhood around the globe?
Infectious diseases Neonatal complications
Which approach focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving?
Information processing
What were outcomes of the passage of the Affordable Care Act?
Initiatives to reduce childhood obesity rates Increase in number of insured children Elimination of preexisting condition coverage exclusions
Withdrawal of love
Involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
What is the inability to recognize that an operation or action can go two or more ways?
Irreversibility
Instrumental aggression
Is aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal. surfaces mostly during social play. The ability to show some instrumental aggression may be a necessary step in social development.
convergent thinker
It generally means the ability to give the "correct" answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most tasks in school and on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence.
What sentence best describes the brain's growth?
It grows in fits and starts.
What reasons do proponents of corporal punishment give to explain their support of this type of discipline?
It is more effective than other types of punishment. It instills respect for parental authority. It is harmless if done in moderation by loving parents.
Which ethnic groups have the highest rate of obesity among children ages birth to two years old?
Latinos and American Indian or Alaska Natives
What are benefits of breast-feeding for the baby?
Lower risk of SIDS Less likely to catch infectious diseases
What was an outcome of the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program?
More children acquired health insurance
What diseases do vaccines protect against?
Mumps Measles Rubella
Still-face Paradigm (Ed Tronick)
Mutual regulation in 2 to 9 month-old infants is measured. Caregiver and infant interact normally, then caregiver stops moving and maintains a neutral face. Infant immediately detects change and attempts to solicit caregiver's attention If no success, infant gives up... Very disturbing to infant - reflects expectation for reciprocal interactions
What is the common understanding regarding infants and the sensation of touch?
Newborns are capable of feeling touch.
What is slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning called?
Non-organic failure to thrive
Which of the following have been found beneficial for a child's intellectual development?
Number of books in the home Playthings that encourage the development of concepts Parents' involvement in children's play
What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?
Object permanence
During the preoperational stage, children begin to understand what?
Objects in space Number Causality
Children who are constantly fighting, are angry and resentful, and in constant trouble at school are often diagnosed as having
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ODD
Fearfulness
Passing fears are common in early childhood. Young children's fears stem largely from their intense fantasy life and their tendency to confuse appearance with reality. Fears may come from hearing about other people's experiences. It is both normal and appropriate for young children to have fears. Parents can help prevent children's fears by instilling a sense of trust and normal caution without being too protective, and also by overcoming their own unrealistic fears.
which stage might a child put a teddy bear in the toilet and flush it?
Piaget's Fifth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
which stage would a child start putting his mother's hands together in order to make her start playing patty cake?
Piaget's Fourth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
which stage would an infant start sucking a pacifier instead of a nipple?
Piaget's Second Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
which stage might a child be about to flush the toilet, but remember that it overflowed last time, and hesitate?
Piaget's Sixth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Fifth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's Stage:12-18 mo - New means through active experimentation: experimentation & creativity in the actions of the "little scientist".
Sixth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's Stage:18-24 mo. - New means through mental combinations: considering before doing provides the child with new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial-and-error experiments
Third Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's Stage:4-8 mo. - An awareness of things: responding to people & objects
Fourth Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's Stage:8-12 mo. - new adaptation & anticipation: becoming more deliberate & purposeful in responding to people & objects
which stage would a child start playing patty cake with their mom?
Piaget's Third Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Second Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's stage:1-4 mo. - the first acquired adaptations: accomodation & coordination of reflexes
First Stage of Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's stage:Birth to 1 month - reflexes of sucking, grasping, staring, & listening
sensorimotor intelligence
Piaget's term for the way infants think during the first period of cognitive development
As children become more adept at using language in a culturally sensitive way, what are they learning?
Pragmatics
Breast-feeding mothers are less likely to develop which diseases?
Pre-menopausal breast cancer Ovarian cancer Osteoporosis
Women tend to contribute more to the raising of children because of constraints placed on them by which of the following?
Pregnancy Nursing
The presence of fantasy play and the use of symbolic gestures are associated with which stage of cognitive development?
Preoperational
According to Piaget, what is the stage of cognitive development in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic?
Preoperational stage
Which group generally believes that mental activity starts and stops?
Preschoolers
Types of Preschools
Preschools vary greatly in their goals and curriculums. Many preschools in the United States have followed progressive, child-centered philosophies stressing social and emotional growth in line with young children's developmental needs.
Which group is the most vulnerable to infant mortality?
Preterm infants
What is myelination?
Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance that enables faster communication between cells
is Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
Receptive cooperation
What is NOT one of the chief causes of neonatal death worldwide?
SIDS
What is the term for the judgment children make about their overall worth?
Self-esteem
Comprehension of self is made up of which of the following?
Self-esteem Ability to understand emotions Self-concept
The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) found that babies tend to fall into three categories of temperament, based on which of the following characteristics?
Sensitivity to sensory stimulation Openness toward new people and situations Joyfulness or unhappiness
What is the initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information called?
Sensory memory
What is the difference between guilt and shame?
Shame involves feeling a lack of self-worth.
Among toddlers with a behavioral inhibition that causes them to feel afraid, some are less apt to develop social withdrawal when they become teenagers. What personality trait helps them reduce their anxiety?
Shifting their attention away from things that scare them
is Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.
Situational compliance
What unhealthy eating habit among children is associated with a greater risk of obesity?
Skipping breakfast
walking around and sometimes performing other functions while asleep.
Sleepwalking
What is not an expression of symbolic function?
Smiling
Understanding the Social Emotions
Social emotions involve a comparison of one's self or one's actions to social standards. These emotions are directed toward the self and include guilt, shame, and pride. They develop by the end of the 3rd year after children gain self- awareness and accept the standards of behavior their parents have set.
What promotes emergent literacy?
Social interaction
Cultural Influences
Social learning theory predicts that the cultural influences around us will influence the degree to which we become gender -typed. Children's books have long been a source of gender stereotypes. In the United States, television is a major format for the transmission of cultural attitudes toward gender. Movies also have an impact on the understanding of gender.
Which vocalizations linked to smiling are typically seen in a child less than one year old?
Social smiling Shrieking with laughter Visual recognition smiling
Individual Differences in Theory-of-Mind Development
Some children develop theory-of-mind abilities earlier than others. Other influences that explain individual difference are: Infant social attention Social competence Talk in the home Being bilingual Pretend play Culture Brain development
Identify one purpose of reflexes.
Some reflexes are instinctive survival mechanisms.
Distinguishing Between Fantasy and Reality
Sometime between 18 months and 3 years, children learn to distinguish between real and imagined events. They can pretend and can tell when someone else is pretending. Religion can influence this process. There are indications that imaginative activities may offer developmental benefits.
How long does development continue in the parts of the brain associated with language?
Sometimes into adulthood and Until at least late preschool
The ______ measures fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
In one auditory discrimination study, researchers played recordings of people reading aloud to unborn babies. The fetuses paid more attention to what?
Stories read in a language other than the parents' native tongue The mother's voice
Which regions account for the largest amount of under 5 deaths?
Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Asia
Which childhood medical conditions are categorized as chronic?
THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC medical conditions for this age include asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and stuttering.
Baby Carter sees an empty box on the floor. He crawls over to the box and begins putting his blocks into it. A few minutes later, he tips the box on its side and crawls into it. He then crawls out of the box, stands up, and puts the box on his head like a hat. He walks around with the box on his head until he bumps into the wall. Which sensorimotor substage is Carter in?
Tertiary circular reactions
Becky is in the kitchen with her mother. She takes out a pot and a spoon. She turns the pot upside down and begins to bang on it with a spoon as if it were a drum. She has just begun exploring objects in this way. Which sensorimotor substage is Becky in?
Tertiary circular reactions
What is an example of seriation?
The ability to place sticks in order according to size
Regulating Emotions
The ability to regulate, or control, one's feelings is one of the key advances of early childhood. Emotional self-regulation helps children guide their behavior and adjust their responses to meet societal expectations. Children develop the ability to regulate their emotions.
Unoccupied behavior
The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest.
Solitary independent play
The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them.
Cooperative or organized supplementary play
The child plays in a group organized for some goal—to make something, play a formal game, dramatize a situation. One or two children control who belongs to the group and direct activities. By a division of labor, children take on different roles and supplement each other's efforts.
Parallel play
The child plays independently but among the other children, playing with toys like those used by the other children but not necessarily playing with them in the same way. Playing beside rather than with the others, the parallel player does not try to influence the other children's play.
Associative play
The child plays with other children. They talk about their play, borrow and lend toys, follow one another, and try to control who may play in the group. All the children play similarly if not identically; there is no division of labor and no organization around any goal. Each child acts as she or he wishes and is interested more in being with the other children than in the activity itself.
onlooker behavior (play)
The child spends most of the time watching other children play. The onlooker talks to them, asking questions or making suggestions, but does not enter into the play. The onlooker is definitely observing particular groups of children rather than anything that happens to be exciting.
Neonatal death
The death of a live-born infant within the first 27 days, 23 hours, and 59 minutes following the moment of birth
Intelligence may be related to which part of brain structure?
The pattern of development of the prefrontal cortex
What is infant mortality rate?
The proportion of babies who die within the first year after birth
What is SIDS?
The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under age one.
tertiary circular reactions
The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.
Traditional Psychometric Measures
The two most commonly used individual intelligence tests for preschoolers are the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
false beliefs
The understanding that people can hold false beliefs flows from the realization that people can hold incorrect mental representations of reality. It is not until 5 to 6 years of age that children understand second -order false beliefs. Piagetian researchers have suggested it stems from egocentric thinking. There are links between the ability to pass false belief tasks and language. Deception is an effort to plant a false belief in someone else's mind. Most people do not view the ability to lie as a positive trait, it is nonetheless a developmental milestone illustrative of advances. Children become capable of telling simple lies at age 3. As children age, they become more likely to lie out of politeness or a desire to avoid hurting others' feelings.
How Attachment Is Established
The working model is a set of expectations the baby has, similar to Erikson's concept of basic trust. Secure attachment reflects trust; insecure attachment, mistrust. Secure base allows children to explore their environment more effectively. Equally important are mutual interaction, stimulation, a positive attitude, warmth and acceptance, and emotional support.
Selecting partners based on reproductive pressures is an example of which of the following theories?
Theory of sexual selection
In what ways are school-age children different than preschoolers?
They have more advanced physical abilities. They are aller and stronger.
Which statement is true about gross motor skills?
They involve large-muscle activities.
Knowledge About Thinking and Mental States
They understand that thinking about the past or the future might make someone feel sad or happy. They start to expect people to act in accordance with their beliefs, and when asked to explain people's behavior they use words like want or think. They also know that people's expressions might not necessarily match their internal state.
Which children are most likely to be sedentary?
Those living in public housing. Children with disabilities. Preadolescent girls
The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) identified how many main types of temperament among infants?
Three
What is the purpose of the rooting reflex?
To direct the infant to turn its head towards something to suck
How is brain activation related to a child's vocabulary?
Toddlers with large vocabularies have more brain activation in the left temporal and parietal lobes. Toddlers with small vocabularies have scattered brain activation.
Which reflex behavior is referred to as the Babinski reflex?
Toes fan out and foot twists
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is used for children who are how old?
Two years and older
MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?
Underextension
Between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, children experience all of the following changes except what?
Understanding false beliefs
What promotes normal growth and brain development in infants?
Vitamins High protein sources Minerals Calories
The social interaction model is based on the work of what researcher?
Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
When does identification typically occur in children?
When a child identifies with the same-sex parent. When a child gives up his or her wish to possess the opposite-sex parent
Developmental Changes in Self-Esteem
Young children's self-esteem is not firmly based on reality before the ages of 5 to 7.Most young children widely overestimate their abilities. Children's self-esteem tends to be unidimensional. Not until middle childhood does self-esteem become more realistic.
ZPD and scaffolding can help parents and teachers efficiently guide children's cognitive progress.
ZPD and scaffolding can help parents and teachers efficiently guide children's cognitive progress.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
a disorder that involves severe antisocial and aggression behaviors that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others
Information-processing theorists think of memory as
a filing system that has three steps: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
egocentric thinking (Piaget)
a form of thinking typical of the preoperational child in which the child can only view the world from his or her own perspective and can't take the perspective of others.
Strange Situation
a laboratory-based technique designed to assess attachment patterns between a 10 to 24 month-old infant and an adult.
A group of elementary children is likely to consist of
a mixture of tall, short, husky, and slender kids.
reminder session
a perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing or an experience
information processing theory
a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data including sensory input connections, stored memories, and output
Working memory
a short-term storehouse for information a person is actively working on, trying to understand, remember, or think about.
holophrase
a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
Vygotsky viewed private speech as
a special form of communication: conversation with the self and was part of the learning process.children use private speech to help themselves accomplish difficult problem-solving tasks.
Long-term memory
a storehouse of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.
naming explosion
a sudden increase in an infants vocabulary especially in the number of nouns that begin at about 18 months of age
Sensory memory
a temporary storehouse for incoming sensory information that decays rapidly
people preference
a universal principle of infant perception, specifically an innate attraction to other humans, evident in visual, auditory, and other preferences
Evolutionary psychologists believe that females developed preferences for which of the following types of men?
able to provide ambitious supportive
Vygotsky found that children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't.
able to solve problems
In the United States, what is the leading cause of death among children between 5 and 12 years old?
accidents
Researchers theorize that infants understand causality more clearly as the children
accumulate information about how objects behave.
Children whose parents have a comfortable income and better education are likely to have
adequate insurance. better access to health care. wholesome diets.
Perspective helps tie together various aspects of infant cognition:
affordance and memory
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
Preschoolers are least likely to befriend a child who is
aggressive. disruptive and demanding. a different age.
grammer
all the methods- word order, verb forms, and so on- that languages use to communicate meaning apart from the words themselves
Fast mapping
allows a child to pick up the approximate meaning of a new word after hearing it only once or twice in conversation.
what does the theory of mind allows us to do?
allows us to understand and predict others' behavior and makes the social world understandable.
Researchers suggested that inhibited children may be born with an unusually excitable
amygdala
visual cliff
an experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another
To understand that people can hold false beliefs, a child must comprehend that it is possible to have
an incorrect mental representation of reality.
babbling
an infants repetition of certain syllables such as ba ba ba that beings when babies are between 6 and 9 months old
affordance
an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person place or object in the environment
Worldwide in 2015, what country had the highest death rate for children under age 5?
angola
An infants smiles at an object and then gazes back to an adult while continuing to smile. This behavior is called .
anticipatory smilling
Researchers have proposed that night terrors are related to
anxiety and that there is a strong role of genetic influences.
sexual abuse
any sexual activity involving a child and an older person
cognitive neuroscience approaches
approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
Compensatory Preschool Programs
are designed to aid children who would otherwise enter school poorly prepared to learn. Research has shown that children who are enrolled in compensatory preschool programs show academic and cognitive gains. The best known of the early intervention programs in the United States is Project Head Start, a federally funded program launched in 1965.
Gender stereotypes
are over-generalizations about male or female behavior.
Gender roles
are the behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and personality traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or females.
Pragmatics
are the social contexts of language.
At what age can an infant remember a sound for at least 24 hours after first hearing it?
at birth
The Strange Situation is a procedure designed to assess ______ patterns between an infant and an adult.
attachment
a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
attachment
The information-processing approach uses children's ______ processes to infer what they know.
attentional
When infants are outwardly unaffected when their parents either leave or return, they are demonstrating
avoidant attachment
or nerve fibers transmit information between neurons.
axons
By ages 5 to 7, children's speech
become quite adult-like.
Sleep disordered breathing has been linked with what two types of difficulties?
behavioral and learning difficulties
Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves
behavioral inhibition
use of reflexes
birth to 1 month. infants exercise their inborn reflexes and gain control over them. they do not coordinate information from their senses they do not grasp an object they are looking at.
Longer and heavier. Stronger and more active.Play with toy cars
boys
What part of the brain is almost completely formed at birth and regulates breathing and heart rate, among other functions?
brain stem
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment
can be different when the baby interacts with various people.
The efficiency of working memory is limited by its
capacity
Little Marcus understands that if he shakes his rattle a funny noise will come out. Marcus understands
casuality
The grouping objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties is called
categorization
The principle that events have identifiable causes is called .
causality
The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called
centration
refers to the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
centration
what is one of the main characteristics of preoperational thought
centration
Which part of the brain grows the fastest?
cerebellum
self-definition
characteristics by which children describe themselves
Sleepwalking and sleep talking are generally harmless, and their frequency declines as
children age
The Reggio Emilia approach states that
children are highly valued, considered capable, and should be given the opportunity to explore what they desire.
Emergent Literacy Theory
children grow into reading and writing with no real beginning or ending point, reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways, and the learning process starts long before children enter school and does not depend on mastery of letter-sound skills.
Slow-to-warm up children
children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences.
Easy children
children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences.
Difficult children
children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.
language acquisition device
chomskys term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocab, and intonation
An illness that lasts a long time or keeps recurring is considered a(n) .
chornic medical condition
When infant Stacy starts sucking in anticipation of her bottle, what type of conditioning is she demonstrating?
classical
Lawrence Kohlberg is a theorist for the
cognitive approach.
Piaget saw private speech as a sign of
cognitive immaturity, and he believed that children were simply vocalizing whatever was on their minds.
Acute medical conditions include which of the following?
colds, flu, and viruses
During the process of emotional development,
complex emotions develop from simpler ones.
The goals of psychometric testing are to measure factors considered to be components of intelligence, including
comprehension and reasoning
Our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits, is our self-
concept
Piaget proposed that the operational stage of development begins at about 7 years of age.
concrete
A 9-year-old child who can use logical but not abstract thinking is in the ______ stage, according to Piaget's theory.
concrete operational
Piaget defined the ______ stage as a time when children can logically think about things as long as they can solidly relate it to real situations.
concrete operational
At the ages of 11 to 13, some children progress from ______ disorder to criminal violence.
conduct
A child who uses executive functions should be able to
consciously control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems
The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______.
conservation
Parents' expectations of a child should be clear, fair, and
consistent
Gender __________is the awareness that one will always be a male or female.
constancy
Preschool children whose parents provide ______ are more likely to become good readers and writers.
conversational challenges
A baby tends to have a better understanding of self-propelled objects after the child learns to
crawl
The ability to see situations in a new way and find novel solutions is called .
creativity
The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is
crying
What type of test is familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and features items that are at least familiar to all students taking the test?
culture free
Intelligence tests that draw on and adjust for culturally related content are considered to be
culture relevant test
What are outcomes of shaken baby syndrome?
death paralysis brain damage
What is thinking about multiple aspects of a situation at the same time called?
decentering
is to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.
decentration
Corporal punishment has been associated with all of the following childhood behaviors, EXCEPT
decreased anti-social behavior
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Grammar refers to the
deep underlying structure of a language that enables us to both produce and understand utterances.
Which type of perception depends on cues that affect the image of an object on the retina?
depth
Infant Bailey is given a series of tasks with established norms to measure his intelligence. Bailey is taking a(n) ______ test.
developmental
What is one of the most common diseases among school-age children in the United States?
diabetes
Overweight children tend to become overweight adults, which puts them at risk of
diabetes, hypertension and orthopedic problems
Power assertion
discourages undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.
According to Ainsworth's model, ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, _________________ attached, Incorrect Unavailable babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display behaviors such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
When do the senses of smell and taste begin to develop?
during gestation
Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence actually occurs ________ for most infants than Piaget predicted
earlier
Nightmares are common during
early childhood.
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) __________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
The _____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver.
ecological
A child is playing hide-and-seek with friends by simply covering his eyes; this is an example of
egocentric thinking.
is the inability to consider another person's point of view.
egocentrism
what can help explain why young children sometimes have trouble separating reality from what goes on inside their heads and why they may show confusion about what causes what.
egocentrism
Discipline should fit the child's
emotional level. cognitive level. temperament.
Terrorizing, exploitation, and degradation are forms of
emotional maltreatment
Persistent sleep problems indicate
emotional, physiological, or neurological conditions.
The mental process that is like putting information in a folder to be filed in memory is called ______.
encoding
A person who can consciously control his thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems is displaying ___________ function.
executive
The growth of working memory permits the development of
executive function, which is the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.
True or false: The Montessori method emphasizes children learning at their own pace in classrooms divided into groups of children of the same age.
false
True or false: There is a medical cause for failure to thrive.
false
do Motor skills develop in isolation.
false
In ______ the therapist observes how family members interact and points out growth-producing and growth-inhibiting behaviors.
family therapy
Many toddlers experience a "naming explosion," which is related to
faster, more accurate word recognition.
The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and ________ lobes.
frontal
Cognitive Levels of Play
functional play, constructive play, dramatic play, formal games with rules
Gender constancy develops in three stages in this order
gender identity, gender stability, gender consistency
kohlber's thoery states that
gender knowledge precedes gender behavior
A general outline of a familiar, repeated event is known as a(n) ______ memory.
generic
what are the three types of childhood memory
generic, episodic, and autobiographical.
causes for asthma include
genetic predisposition, smoke sposure, allergens such as household pets, molds, cockroach droppings
Our self-concept helps us to
guide our actions. describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves.
In the social-contextual approach, ordinary activities in which children learn from their parents are known as
guided participation
Interactions with adults that help structure children's activities and bridge the gap between a child's understanding and an adult's are known as .
guided participation
Infants who often point and use other gestures are more likely to become what sort of adults?
have a large vocabulary
What are the two most effective approaches to preventing childhood obesity?
healthy attitudes about food and approproiate activity levels
Specific phonological skills
help in decoding the printed word.
Children of what race are most likely to have untreated cavities in their teeth?
hispanic
According to Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development, as infants develop trust, they gain the virtue of
hope
information processing
humans accomplish this either in parallel (unconsciously) or in serial fashion (consciously)
chronic medical conditions
illnesses or impairments that persist for at least 3 months
acute medical conditions
illnesses that last a short time
What type of memory encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically?
implicit memory
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust is a developmental stage that occurs
in the first 18 months of life.
what does the theory of mind includes?
includes knowledge of thinking about mental states, false beliefs, and distinguishing between fantasy and reality.
Girls tend to engage in a form of
indirect social aggression known as relational aggression , such as aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's psychological well-being.
A therapist who focuses on developing insights for a child, focusing on his or her personality and relationships, is using ______ psychotherapy.
individual
Inductive techniques
induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.
A child understands that a chicken egg breaks and a robin's egg breaks. Therefore, the child assumes that all eggs break. This is an example of ______ reasoning.
inductive
anticipatory smiling
infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
infants become more interested in the environment; they repeat actions that bring interesting results (such as shaking a rattle) and prolong interesting experiences, actions are intentional but not initially goal directed.
primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
infants repeat pleasurable bx that fist occur by chance. activities focus on the infant's body rather than the effect of the behavior on the environment. infants make first acquired adaptations; that is, they suck different objects differently. they begin to coordinate information and grasp objects.
Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning is known as a(n)
intellectual disability.
The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
interprets feelings and experiences related to childhood attachments. Interventions which focus on maternal sensitivity is effective in affecting the security of infants.
Dramatic play
involves imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginative play. declines as children become more involved in formal games with rules , such as hopscotch.
Haptic perception
involves the ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them, such as putting objects in the mouth.
Self-awareness
involves the cognitive understanding that children have a recognizable identity, separate and different from the rest of their world.
is Piaget's term for a preoperational child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.
irreversibility
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
is individual intelligence test for children ages 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.
Social cognitive theory
is Bandura's expansion of social learning theory holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.
symbolic function
is Piaget's term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.
Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment Style
is a pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
Disorganized-disoriented attachment
is a pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors on his or her return.
Avoidant attachment
is a pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.
Temperament
is a person's characteristic, biologically based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations. may affect not only the way children approach and react to the outside world, but also the way they regulate their mental, emotional, and behavioral functioning.
Self-regulation
is a person's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.
Syntax
is a related concept and involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language.
Gender-Schema Theory
is a theory that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
is an individual intelligence test for ages 2 and up, used to measure knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
Separation anxiety
is distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.
Recognition
is the ability to identify something encountered before.
Recall
is the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory.
Self-esteem
is the evaluative part of the self-concept, the judgment children make about their overall self-worth. it is based on children's growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves.
functional play
is the lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements; also called locomotor play.
Retrieval
is the process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.
Constructive play
is the second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play.
theory of mind
is the understanding that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions. awareness and understanding of mental processes of others.
Stranger anxiety
is the wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants from age 6 to 12 months.
Social referencing
is understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person's perception of it.
The use of words to represent objects and concepts is the definition of
language
Piaget's theory that babies had limitations in early cognitive abilities, may actually be a result of immature ______ skills.
linguistic and motor
Even though improvements in tooth health have improved across both ethnic and socioeconomic lines, children living in (higher/lower) income homes and Hispanic children have more decay.
lower
What maternal behavior or condition is NOT associated with failure to thrive (FTT)?
maternal intelligence
Older children should be served an appropriate ____________ size in order to prevent obesity.
meal
What is the government program that provides medical assistance to low-income people, including children?
medicaid
Head Start provides
medical, dental, and mental health care; social services; and at least one hot meal a day.
Children in a(n)_____________ school choose the tasks that they would like to do.
montessori
If gender differences were only based on one's cultural environment, there would be ______ variability in male and female characteristics among different cultures.
more
The ecological theory of perception is a(n) ______ development theory.
motor
Children ages 3 to 6 make great advances in
motor skills development
Janey and her mother are sensitive and appropriate in their responses, which indicates an emotional and mental state called
mutual regulation
What are neurons?
nerve cells
Images of brain activity indicate that a child's ability to understand concepts such as conservation is closely related to
neurological development
Anxiety disorders may be ______ based or caused by early experiences.
neurologically
their occurrence has been related to difficult child temperament, high overall childhood anxiety, and bedtime parenting practices that promote dependency.
nightmares
About 1 out of 3 Head Start children are from
non-English- speaking homes and a lot live in single-mother homes. The goals are to enhance cognitive skills, improve physical health, and foster self-confidence and social skills.
Antipsychotic medications and other drug therapies are being used in children at a rapidly increasing rate, but most are being administered to the children for
nonapproved psychiatric conditions.
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale provides measures of ______ and ______ IQ, plus composite scores.
nonverbal and verbal
The way people dress, play, and move their bodies demonstrates the role that _______ plays in our lives
norms
Poor motor coordination has been associated with an increased risk of
obesity or overweight in children in what is likely to be a reciprocal relationship.
Obese children are at greater risk for what illnesses as adults?
obesity, diabetes, hypertension
According to social cognitive theory,
observation enables children to learn much about gender-typed behaviors before performing them. Socialization plays a central role and begins in infancy, long before a child has a conscious understanding of gender.
What mental problem causes a person to suffer from repetitive, intrusive thoughts and irrational fears, or an overwhelming urge to engage in a behavior such as constant hand-washing?
obsessive compulsive disorder
Which approach has been especially useful in the study of infant perception and memory?
operant conditioning
Which two processes do behaviorists study to determine how children learn?
operant conditioning and classical conditioning
A pattern of excessive anger and disobedience toward adult authority for at least 6 months is defined as
oppositional defiant disorder
The types of prereading skills include
oral language and specific phonological skills.
self-concept
our total picture of our abilities and traits that determines how we feel about ourselves—who we think we are. it is a cognitive construction. It also has a social aspect that incorporates children's growing understanding of how others see them.
Boys engage in more
overt (direct) aggression and tend to openly direct aggressive acts at a target, such as physical or verbal aggression.
Who is the most common perpetrator of maltreatment?
parent
authoritative parents
parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them. respect children's independent decisions, interests, opinions, and personalities.
Permissive parents
parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
dynamic perception
perception that is primed to focus on movement and change
Baby Michael has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?
perceptual
Preschool provides children an opportunity to widen their ______, environment.
physical, social,
sensorimotor intelligence
piaget's term for the way infants think- by using their senses and motor skills- during the first period of cognitive development
The fact that the brain can frequently compensate for injuries to particular areas is a result of
plasticity
During what type of treatment does the therapist occasionally comment or make suggestions while the child plays freely?
play therapy
Enuresis that persists beyond age 8 to 10 may be related to
poor self-concept or other psychological problems.
What are the long-term risks for infants and toddlers that are malnourished?
poor health and stunted growth
Which of the following are enabled by the prefrontal cortex?
prefrental cortex enables planning, judgment, and decision making
working memory is located partly in the...
prefrontal cortex
Infant Julie's cooing is an example of
prelinguistic speech.
The early childhood period when children are not ready to engage in logical mental operations is called the __________________ stage, according to Piaget.
preoperational
is the second major stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory. Children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic.
preoperational stage
_________ skills are divided into two types: oral language and specific phonological skills.
prereading
Mutual regulation
process by which an infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.
Encoding
process by which information is prepared for long- term storage and later retrieval.
Generic memory
produces a script, a general outline of a familiar, repeated event. It helps a child know what to expect and how to act.
The difference between items a child can answer alone and items the child can answer with help is the zone of _________ development.
proximal
The changes in brain functioning during middle and late childhood include
pruning of gray matter.
Play is important for both ______ and ______ health.
psychological and physical
Gender differences are the ______ or ______ differences between males and females.
psychological; behavioral
One goal _________ of testing is to quantitatively measure the factors that are thought to make up intelligence.
psychometric
The focus of kindergarten has moved away from self-chosen activities and more focused on preparing children to do what?
read
one of the most effective paths to literacy is
reading tho children
A child's ______ language develops much more quickly than the ______ vocabulary.
receptive, expressive
When baby Jacob is placed in front of the mirror, he becomes very excited and kisses the baby. This would demonstrate Jacob's self
recognition
Gross motor skills
refer to physical skills that involve the large muscles.
Secure attachment
refers to a pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to find comfort from a caregiver when faced with a stressful situation.
Altruistic behavior
refers to activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward.
Episodic memory
refers to awareness of having experienced a particular event that occurred at a specific time and place.
Autobiographical memory
refers to memories of distinctive experiences that form a person's life history.
Gender Differences
refers to psychological or behavioral differences between males and females.
Private speech
refers to talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others and is normal and common in childhood.
Gender-typing
refers to the acquisition of a gender role. It takes place early in childhood but children vary greatly in the degree to which they become gender-typed.
Gender identity
refers to the awareness of one's femaleness or maleness and all it implies. It is an important aspect of the developing self-concept.
Gender Stability (Kohlberg)
refers to the awareness that gender does not change; however, judgments about gender are based on superficial appearances and stereotyped behaviors.
Gender consistency
refers to the realization that outward appearances do not affect gender.
Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way are called _______ behaviors.
reflex
Research has shown that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is followed by a visual display, music, or a human voice. The visual display, music, or human voice is considered to be a(n)
reinforcer
emotional maltreatment
rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
Attachment is a ______ process between the child's temperament and the parenting style.
relational
emergent literacy
rerfers to a preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.
According to Ainsworth's model, a(n)_____________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
type 1 diabetes
result of an insulin dificiency that occurs when insulin prodiing cells int eh pancreas are destroyed,
Jake can roll a ball of clay into a snake and knows that he can also change the shape back into a ball. Jake understands the principle of .
reversibility
The triarchic theory of intelligence was developed by
robert Sternberg
occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side in search of a nipple.
rooting reflex
self-concept
s our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits. It describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions. It develops by at least 3 months of age, when infants begin to recognize themselves in the mirror.
an _________ is the general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior; it is produced from genetic memory.
script
Some proponents of universal preschools predict that such a program would enhance children's academic skills through which grade?
second grade
A visual recognition smile is typically seen during the
second month.
When an infant protests the mother leaving but are able to effectively gain comfort when she returns, they are seen as having ______________ attachment.
secure
Mothers of ______ attached babies tend to be sensitive and responsive.
securely
contingent self-esteem
self-esteem based on the approval of others or on social comparisons
The conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being is called
self-recognition
A major foundation of early socialization is a child's ability to
self-regulate
What is the name of the first Piagetian stage, which occurs between birth and 2 years of age?
sensorimotor
Between ages 4 and 5, children use
sentences that are declarative, negative, interrogative, or imperative.
Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing
seperation anxiety
Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing .
seperation anxiety
A child understands that if he wants to arrange sticks from shortest to longest, each stick must be longer than the one that precedes it and shorter than the one that follows it. The child is using
seriation
In addition to neglect, three forms of abuse that are considered maltreatment are physical, emotional, and
sexual
Maltreatment in which an infant or toddler is shaken and injured is called
shaken baby syndrom
By age 3, children use
short, simple, declarative sentences.
The least developed sense at birth is
sight
Andy is mild and somewhat negative, and he needs time to adapt to new people and situations. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ______ child.
slow-to-warm-up
Fine motor skills involve _______ muscles.
small
Most children get at least one-third of their calories from
snacks
Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations is also known by what two terms?
social anxiety and social phobia
It plays a role in the key developments of toddlerhood: Rise of self-conscious emotions Development of a sense of self Processes of socialization and internalization
social referencing
Gender-typing
socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.
Ainsworth created the ___________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
strange situation
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
Self-conscious emotions
such as embarrassment, envy, and shame arise only after children have developed self-awareness at about age 3.
Emotions
such as fear, anger, or joy, are subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes. Includes self-conscious emotions , such as shame and embarrassment.
Scaffolding (Vygotsky)
support of learning allows students to complete tasks they are not able to complete independently. Scaffolding is lessened as children gain in skills. Scaffolding helps children learn.
Children who suffer from learning disabilities tend to be less
task orientated
The relatively consistent and predictable way that individual babies respond to their environment is known as
temperament
visual preference
tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another
Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory
the acquisition of gender roles hinges on gender constancy; a child's realization that his or her sex will always be the same. Gender constancy develops in three stages: gender identity, gender stability, and gender consistency.
deferred imitation
the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present
Psychometric testing
the activity of using tests that are designed to show someone's personality, mental ability, opinions, etc., in order to decide whether or not to employ them
mean length of utterance
the average number of words and meaningful sounds in a typical sentence called utterance because children may not talk in complete sentences. MLU is often used to indicate how advanced a child's language development is
The Montessori method is based on
the belief that children's natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects.
What factors are most likely to contribute to the development of separation anxiety disorder in a school-age child?
the death of a pet a close knit caring family a serious illness
zone of proximal development
the difference b/t the items a child can answer alone and the items the child can answer with help
primary circular reaction
the first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them
child directed speech
the high pitched simplified and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children
metamemory
the knowledge of and reflection about memory processes
gender stereotypes
the preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior.
Guided Participation (Vygotsky)
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
object permanence
the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.
Storage
the retention of information in memory for future use.
secondary circular reactions
the second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move
"little scientist"
the stage five toddler age (12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration
tertiary circular reactions
the third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world
object concept/object permanence
the understanding that objects have independent existence, characteristics and locations in space.
Children's self-definition
the way they describe themselves, typically changes between about ages 5 and 7, reflecting a development in cognitive abilities.
What allows us to interpret and anticipate the behavior of other people and makes the social world more comprehensible?
theory of mind
True or false: The majority of neonatal deaths are preventable.
they are preventable, resulting from a combination of poverty, poor maternal health and nutrition, infection and inadequate medical care.
type 1 diabetes symptoms
thirst and urination, hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue
how do preschool children show symbolic function
through deferred imitation, which is based on having kept a mental representation of an observed action. Pretend play and language
What are the top two oral health concerns in early childhood?
thumb sucking and tooth decay
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
toddlers show curiosity and experimentation; they purposefully vary their actions to see results. They actively explore their world to determine what is novel about an object, event, or situation. they try new activities nd use trial and error in solving problems. Experimentation to find new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes (e.g., explore bathwater by gently patting it, then hitting it vigorously and watching the results; or stroke, pinch, squeeze, and pat a cat to see how it responds to varied actions)
In moderate amounts, fluoride has been shown to help prevent
tooth decay
What is the first sense to develop?
touch
Which is the most mature sensory system during the first few months of life?
touch
Children grow an average of 2 to 3 inches per year during the elementary school years.
true
True or false: A genetic component is suspected in childhood depression.
true
True or false: Neglect is a form of maltreatment.
true
are boys are more likely to be left-handed than are girls?
true
______ preschool is a proposed national system for child care and education within the public schools.
universal
A child's expressive vocabulary consists of words that the child
uses when speaking.
Fine-tuning the amount of gray matter and connections increases the brain's ability to respond to
various things the child is experiencing in life.
Which four are among Gardner's proposed types of intelligences? (Select all that apply.)
verbal-linguistic, logic mathematical, and to some extent visual spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. existential
an ______ _________ gives an illusion of depth and is used to assess depth perception of infants.
visual clif
The amount of time an infant spends looking at different kinds of sights is a measure of
visual preference
oral language skills
vocabulary, syntax, narrative structure, and the understanding that language is used to communicate
underextension
when children define words more narrowly than adults do
Improvements in the brain's processing speed and storage capacity allow the _________ memory to hold more information while the child completes tasks.
working
Children might be slow to develop the concept of object permanence because their ______ also develops slowly.
working memory
Information that is being encoded or retrieved is kept in the brain's
working memory
