Child Development FCS 321 Exam #1 SELU

Modeling/ Observational Learning

"child sees, child does."

Super Ego

(Occurs between 3 and 6 years of age) Conscience develops through interactions with parents, who insist that children conform to the values of society.

The three major domains of development are..

1) Physical (motor capabilities) 2) Cognitive (understanding) 3) Emotional and Social (Stimuli)

Sperm can survive up to..

6 days

Average Weight

>7 1/2 LBS >boys typically bigger than girls

Theodore Simon

>Binnet's colleague >Created age based graded test items that directly measured their abilities.

Sensory Motor Stage

>Birth to 2 years >The babies use of senses and motor skills to explore. >Infants think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth.

Alfred Binnet

>French psychologist >Constructed first successful intelligence test. >Defined intelligence as good judgement, planning, and critical reflection.

Apgar Scores...

>Heart rate >Respiratory effort >Reflexes >Muscle tone >Color

What can a baby do during the 3rd month of pregnancy?

>Kick >Bend arms >Form Fist >Curl toes >Open mouth >Suck thumb >Stretch >Yawn

Imprinting

>Lorenz and Tinbergen >Takes place during an early, restricted period of development >Lead to major concept: "the critical period" >Darwin called, "Sensitive period"

Social Learning Theory

>Most influential >Albert Bandura >Modeling + Cognition + Personal standards.

Stages of sleep:

>Regular >REM >Drowsiness >quiet alertness

Case Study

A full picture of one individuals psychological functioning, obtained by combining interviews, observations, and sometimes test scores.

Amnion

A membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.

Continuous

A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcers and punishments

Correlation Design

Researchers gather info on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.

Uterine Wall

Where villi burrow and placenta develops.

Vernix

White, cheese-like substances, protects skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in amniotic fluid.

Anoxic

Inadequate oxygen supply.

Stepping

Infant lifts one foot after another >prepares child for voluntary walking.

Correlation Coefficient

Number that describes how 2 variables are associated with one another.

Discontinuous

Process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at SPECIFIC times.

Chorion

Protective membrane which surrounds the amnion.

Levels of the ecological system theory

1. Macro System: Customs, laws, and values 2. Exosystem: Community, friends, extended family, work place. 3. Mesosystem: Neighborhood play area, day care, immediate family. 4. Microsystem: Individual

Developmental Research Design (4)...

1. Sequential 2. Microgenetic 3. Cross-sectional 4. Longitudinal

Ovum can survive up to..

2 days

Teratogen

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

Regular Sleep

At full rest, with a little to no body movement. Eyelids are closed, no eye movement, relaxed face. breathing is slow and regular.

Small-for-Date

Below expected weight considering length of pregnancy.

When does age of viability occur?

Between 22nd and 26th week.

Quiet Drowsiness

Body relatively inactive, with eyes open and attentive.

Preterm

Born several weeks before due date.

How did Rousseau view children?

Children were "noble savages". Naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong, as well as an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth.

How did John Locke's view children?

Children were a Tabula Rasa ("Blank Slate"). Characters are shaped entirely by experience.

How did the Puritans view children?

Children were born evil and stubborn, and had to be civilized.

Genotype

Complex blend of DNA that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics.

Phenotype

Directly observable characteristics.

Behaviorism

Directly observable events to stimuli and responses are the appropriate focus of study.

Most common type of chromosomal disorder

Down Syndrome

Drowsiness

Falling asleep or waking up. Body less active than in irregular sleep, but more active than regular sleep. Eyes have glazed looks, even breathing.

REM Sleep

Gentle limb movements, facial grimacing occurs, eyelids are closed, rapid eye movements occur, breathing is irregular.

Umbilical Cord

Grows to a length of 1-3 feet, contains one large vein and 2 arteries that remove waste products.

Rooting

Head turns to source of stimulation >Helps infant find nipple.

Sequential Design

Investigator follows a sequence of samples (2 or more age groups), collecting data on them at the same points in time.

Microgenetic Design

Investigator presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions.

Cross-Sectional Design

Investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

Id

Largest portion of the mind, is the source of basic biological needs and desires.

Moro

Makes embracing motion by arching back, extends legs, throwing arms outwards and bringing arms in toward the body. >may have helped infant cling to mother

Placenta

Permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away.

Experimental Design

Permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to 2 or more treatment conditions.

Kangaroo Care

Skin-to-skin therapy for preterms.

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus and response

Ego

The conscious, rational, part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the ids impulses so that they are discharged in acceptable ways.

Longitudinal Design

The investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

How did Freud view the Id, Ego, and Super Ego?

The relations established between the Id, Ego, and Super ego during the pre-school years determine the individuals basic personality.

Villi

Tiny, finger-like blood vessels.

Babinski

Toes fan out and cur a foot twists >function unknown

What do babies look like when born?

Typically 20 in. and 7 1/2 LBS

Watson

Used baby Albert to see if classical conditioning could be applied to a child's behavior.