Childhood Illnesses

Symptoms of conjunctivitis

purulent drainage, crusted shut, erythema, edema, pruritus, tearing

s/s of ringworm

red circular rash with clear middle, scaly, itchy, hair loss *treat with antifungal

Parents are concerned because their 18-month-old will eat only when they feed him. They report he was independent with feeding at home but is unwilling in the hospital. The nurse considers this behavior:

regression

Recurrent infections with otitis externa could cause

risk of hearing loss-treat with anti fungal ear-drops

Treatment of pertussis

secretion control: suction, oral humidity, fluids, droplet precaution, high fowlers position *D-tap vaccine

Manifestations of imeptigo?

skin papules-progress to vesicles, then painless pustules with narrow red border, honey-colored crusting (soak before removing and apply antibiotic)

How does hookworm enter the body?

soil, enters thru pores in hair or hands/feet

Encopresis

soiling underwear beyond expect age of 4-5, can cause stretched rectum

Major complications of mono

splenic rupture, guillan-barre syndrome, aseptic meningitis (lumbar puncture=negative)

Treatment for influenza

supportive care-hydration, vaccinations

treatment for covid-19

symptom relief: hydration, rest, pain/fever meds, quarantine, isolation

Viral treatment of tonsillits

symptomatic: popsicle, fluids, tonsillectomy for recurrent infections

types of play

therapeutic: non-directed, helps child w/ fears emotional outlet: acts out real-life stressors enhance cooperation: playing during unpleasant therapy *blow pinwheel to deep breath teaching: use hospital equipt. to teach unstructured: child controls events, ideas, relationships

T/F: RSV is common in toddler but deadly for infants

true *use supportive care and suction

Constipation is common/uncommon in children?

very common, 30% of pop. during toilet training due to painful experience

Erythema infectiousm- 5th disease spreads by

viral: droplets, blood, mother-->fetus (no longer infectious when rash appears)

3 types of conjunctivitis

-allergic: antihistamine eye drops -infectious: very contagious-throw away wash cloths, makeup, contacts -chemical

symptoms and treatment for otitis externa

-hsx of pain, itching, drainage -very painful! use warm compress, analgesics, earplugs, no cotton swabs/headphones

what is meningitis and what are the 3 types?

-inflamm of brain and spinal cord-spread thru droplets -viral, fungal, bacterial (most common and fatal)

interventions for croup

-listen for inspiratory stridor and suprasternal reactions -monitor spo2 -have child be quiet and sit up -use humidified air and corticosteroids

symptoms of Covid-19

50% asymptomatic, cold/flu, cough, fever, loss of taste and smell

What is croups main sign?

Barking cough

Symptoms of RSV

Begins with URI, runny nose, cough, sneezing, fever, wheezing

How do you obtain RSV?

Direct contact with secretions or object

Major complication of Pertussis

Pneumonia (treat with anitbiotics)

What is the leading cause of resp. illness in ages <2?

RSV

What is the best method for the nurse to reduce the pain of an IM injection for a child?

Request an anesthetic cream to apply before injection.

What is a major complication of tonsillitis

Scarlet fever

A woman brings her daughter to the pediatric clinic because she is concerned that the child has otitis media. On examination, the nurse would recognize which of the following findings as the most common positive sign of otitis media?

Temperature of 39 degrees C and loss of appetite

Symptoms of Tonsillitis

fever, chills, sweats, hoarse voice, swollen lymph nodes, white spots, swallowing difficulties= decreased appetite or difficulty breathing

treatment for mono

saltwater gurgles, rest (fatigue up to 6 weeks)

The nurse encourages parents of hospitalized infants and toddlers to stay with their child to help decrease what potential problem?

seperation anxiety

S/S of crypto

severe watery diarrhea, n/v, ab pain, fever, wt loss -diagnosed with stool sample, self-limit: hydration

s/s rotavirus

shed in stool, severe watery, crampy diarrhea=DEHYDRATION!

The nurse is preparing to start an intravenous (IV) line on a stable pediatric client in the hospital. Which location is most appropriate for the nurse to use for this procedure?

the pediatric treatment room

Bacterial or viral: tonsillitis and strep throat

tonsillitis=viral/bacterial strep throat=bacterial

How is rotavirus spread?

viral: fecal-oral, oral vaccine targets 5 diff strains

symptoms of 5th disease

fever, headache, URI, flushing, slapped cheek-spreads to trunk, lace-like rash -supportive care: itching and pain, resolves on own

symptoms of meningitis

fever, headache, fatigue, light sensitivity, stiff neck

Symptoms of mono

fever, malaise, sore throat, lymphadenopathy

How is ringworm spread?

fungal: human-human, human-animal, soil, objects

symptoms of hand foot and mouth disease

high fever-1st, oral ulcers, vesicles on hands and feet (football shaped with red rims), anorexia, dehydration, drooling

what is Acute otitis media? how is it spread?

infection of middle ear, bacterial/viral *bacterial=antibiotics, viral= resolves on own

Otitis externa is? what is it caused by?

infection of skin of external ear canal, caused by swimming

What is the leading cause of death during the toddler period?

injuries

scabies s/s and treatment

intense pruritis (@ night), erythematous, papular rash with exhortations -treat with scabicide-apply to entire body, clean house and bedding *itching may not subside for weeks

Detachment stage of seperation

interested in environment, may develop other attachments and ignore parents.

Head lice symptoms

itchy scalp, scratching marks/small leisons, can be asymptomatic

how to help skin disease with children?

keep nails short! -prevents scratching of rashes -keeps bacterial out

Mononucleosis is know as

kissing disease -transmitted through saliva

how do you pull an ear of a child younger than 3 vs greater than 3?

less than 3= ear down and back greater than 3= up and back

At what age is febrile seizure common?

less than 5, usually benign, related to viral illness or underlying condition

If a child is in a play room it is okay to bring their vaccine in and administer?

no- seen as a safe space

A 2-year-old boy is scheduled to undergo an endoscopic procedure. His parents are asking when they should tell him about it. Based on the nurse's understanding of the child's developmental stage, when would be the most appropriate time to prepare the child for the procedure?

A few days in advance of the scheduled date

A school-age client is in the clinic for a sprained ankle and is prescribed to take a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for pain control. What should the nurse inform the parent may be associated with long-term administration of any NSAID?

Severe gastric irritation

How does influenza spread?

droplets *viral (common in winter)

How to help with constipation

encourage fluids, fiber, fruits and veggies, toilet schedule, behavior modification, laxatives

T/F: a family of a child with scabies, should not be precautions

false- family precautions as well

T/F: URIs are usually secondary bacterial infections of ear, throat, sinuses, and lungs

True

When determining the correct therapeutic dose of most medications for children, what is the most important assessment to make?

Weight

How is pinworm spread?

fecal-oral, toys, bedding, toilet----diagnosed visually (out at night)

Where is meningitis common?

close quarters: college dorm-vaccine

T/F: hand-foot-mouth is cured by antibiotics

false- typically self limiting and resolves in 1 week

When a child is hospitalized and must be away from the caregiver, the child goes through stages of response to the separation. The child who cries and refuses to let the nurse or anyone else provide comfort and is continually looking out the door to see if the caregiver is returning is in which stage of separation?

protest

An 8-month-old infant was admitted to the hospital with severe diarrhea and dehydration. Fluid replacement therapy was initiated. Which observation the nurse makes indicates an improvement in the infant's status?

Infant has gained 3 oz. since yesterday

how does Pertussis (whooping cough) spread?

bacterial via droplets (starts with 7-10 days of cold symptoms, cough can last 1-4 weeks)

Two hours after a child with acute laryngitis (croup) is admitted, the nurse observes an increase in the child's respiratory and cardiac rates, increased restlessness, and substernal and intercostals retractions. The nurse, acting on these observations, should immediately:

Inform the physician of the child's respiratory status

Hand-foot-mouth disease spreads by

contact with infected fecal or oral

The nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant during a well-child visit. The nurse makes all of the following observations. Which of the following assessments made by the nurse is an area of concern indicating a need for further evaluation?

Moderate head lag when pulled to sitting position

how is impetigo spread?

contagious bacterial infection of skin-follows skin trauma

Most common cause of cryptosporidium

contaminated water (parasitic)

Pertussis symptoms

cough sounds like "whoop", copious secretions, congestion, fever, fatigue. Violent cough, very exhausting can lead to vomiting and cyanosis (may crack ribs)

symptoms of influenza

cough, fever, body aches, sore throat, chills, headache

The nurse is caring for a child who has been hospitalized for 6 days and whose caregivers are unable to stay with the child. The child cried most of the day for the first 3 days but now is quiet and withdrawn. This behavior in the child is an example of which stage of separation?

despair

The community health nurse is making a newborn follow-up home visit. During the visit the 2-year-old sibling has a temper tantrum. The parent asks the nurse for guidance in dealing with the toddler's temper tantrums. Which of the following is the most appropriate nursing action?

Suggest that the parent ignore the child's behavior

A school nurse is preparing a talk on safety issues for parents of school-aged children to present at a parent-teacher meeting. Which topics should the nurse include based on the age of the children? Select all that apply.

Teaching pedestrian safety, Providing swimming lessons and water safety rules, Teaching child how to "stop, drop, and roll"

treatment of hookworm

diagnose with stool sample, treat with anti-parasitic and iron supp.

acute otitis media symptoms

ear pain, fever, irritable, crying when laying down, drainage *breastfed= lower incidence

The nurse is caring for a school-age child with cerebral palsy. Which of the following developmental tasks may be delayed at this age?

achieving good grades in school

considerations of febrile seizure

associated with a rapid rise in body temp-usually no long term affects, pad side rails, determine cause of fever and control.

symptoms of pinworm

asymptomatic, anal itching, restless, wt loss, involuntary urination at night -treat with anti-parasitic single dose-repeat 2 weeks later, shower in morning, short nails

Symptoms of hookworm

asymptomatic, rash at entry site -can cause anemia (worms suck blood), hypoproteinemia, edema, pica, wasting, physical disabilites

Croup is most common during the day/at night

at night (can become serious ad cause resp. distress)

How to care for someone with URI

avoid close contact, rest *symptom relief: humidity, fluids, nasal spray *no antibiotics for viral

what is a major sign of a foreign body?

bad breath (caused by infection in area) -treat by non-invasive or surgical removal

In which of the following phases of child hospital care would the nurse use the child's favorite toys to establish rapport?

building a trusting relationship

How does croup affect the body?

causes inflammation and edema in airways causing the airways and trachea to narrow

Protest stage of seperation

child cries, resist attention of staff, act out (healthy)

Despair stage of seperation

child withdraws, quiet, doesn't care what's done to them

URI/common cold is spread by

person-to-person air

Major complication of bacterial influenza

pneumonia

How is scabies spread?

prolonged close personal contact (contact precautions), mites seen on microscopic skin exam-dont survive 3-4 days without contact