Chp 26/27
Which of the following methods or molecules is used for secretion of hydrogen ion in the renal tubule?
Sodium ion antiporter
Which of the following is correct about the micturition reflex?
The detrusor muscles contract, and the internal urethral sphincter muscles relax The muscle fibers in both the external and the internal urethral sphincter relax The micturition center is located in the sacral segment of the spinal cord The micturition reflex is coordinated by the parasympathetic autonomic nerves
Which segment of the renal tubule is impermeable to the water molecules?
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Which of the following is the method or molecule used to reabsorb bicarbonate ion through the basal surface of epithelial cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule?
Transporter
ligament that attaches the uterus to the sacrum
Uterosacral ligament
Is oogenesis completed before or after the ovulation?
after the ovulation
Found in the glomerular filtrate of a healthy nephron
amino acids
dilated, terminal portion of the vas deferens.
ampulla
widest portion of the uterine tube and the preferred place for the fertilization.
ampulla of the uterine tube
Which pathway joins the duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct?
ampulla of vas defernes
Which molecule binds to testosterone and keeps its level high in the seminiferous tubules?
androgen binding protein
What is the use of citric acid for the sperm?
atp production
part of the filtration membrane that prevents large plasma proteins to enter the capsular space
basement membrane of the glomerulus
When oogenesis begins?
before birth
Cells that secrete testosterone are located in which parts of the testes?
between seminiferous tubule
Which structure goes through implantation into the uterine wall?
blastocyst
The pressure due to the presence of plasma proteins such as albumin and globulins is
blood colloid osmotic pressure.
part of nephron that has the glomerulus as its center
bowman's capsule
ligament that attaches the uterus to the side of the pelvic cavity.
broad ligament
one of the two male glands located on either side of the membranous urethra.
bulbourethral gland
Which male glands secrete their secretion into the spongy urethra?
bulbourethral glands
In the renal corpuscle the weaker inward pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure.
inferior, narrow portion of the uterus.
cervix
What type of epithelium lines the uterine tubes?
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
pathway that receives filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons
collecting duct
In which segments of the renal tubule, reabsorption of water depends on the presence of hormones such as ADH and aldosterone?
collecting duct and late distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is correct about the scrotum?
contraction of its dartos muscles reduces heat loss from the testes contraction muscles that contract to regulate temp of testes
The fibrous scar tissue resulting from degeneration of an ovarian follicle is referred to as _____________.
corpus albicans
one of the two dorsolateral cylindrical masses of the penis.
corpus cavernousum penis
Which ovarian follicle releases four different female hormones?
corpus luteum
midventral cylindrical mass of the penis.
corpus spongiosum penis
Except the seminal glands, which other male glands secrete buffer and mucus?
cowpers gland
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increases or decreases the glomerular filtration rate?
decreases
Part of the renal tubule that extends down into the renal medulla
descending limb of the loop of Henle
group of muscles in the wall of urinary bladder.
detrusor muscle
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule:
double walled epithelial cup thatsurrounds the glomerulus
pathway that conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra.
ductus deferens
beginning of the coiled tubule that is not attached to the glomerular capsule
early distal convoluted tubule
arteriole that drains blood from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
pathway formed by union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens.
ejaculatory duct
site of sperm maturation and the storage of sperm.
epididymis
In females, except progesterone, which other hormone stimulates proliferation of the endometrial cells in the uterus?
estrogens
In females, which hormone decreases the blood cholesterol level?
estrogens
opening of cervical canal into the vagina.
external os
Which urethral sphincter contains the skeletal muscle fibers?
external urethra sphincter
opening of the pathway for urine to the exterior.
external urethral orifice
What kind of capillary is the glomerulus?
fenestrated
How long it takes for the myogenic mechanism to respond to the blood pressure change in the afferent arteriole?
few seconds
Movement of water and solutes from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule
filtration
In females, which hormone initiates the follicular growth?
follicle stimulating hormone
In males, which hormone indirectly stimulate the process of spermatogenesis?
follicle stimulating hormone
The outward pressure promoting filtration in the renal corpuscle
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
In ovulation, which ovarian follicle releases the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity?
graafian follicle
Spermatogenesis occurs in which parts of the testes?
in the seminiferous tubules
-The components of juxtaglomerular appartus are found
in the thin ascending limb of the loop of henle and the afferent arteriole.
In females, except estrogens, which other hormone suppresses secretion of the follicle stimulating hormone?
inhibin
In males, which hormone slows down secretion of the hormone follicle stimulating hormone?
inhibin
The secondary oocyte can complete meiosis II if the secondary oocyte ______.
is penetrated by the sperm
-The effectors of the myogenic mechanism
juxtaglomerular cells
end of the coiled tubule that is not attached to the glomerular capsule
late distal convoluted tubule
Which cells produce and secret the hormone testosterone?
leydig cells
Which section of the spinal cord coordinates the ejaculation reflex, thoracic or lumbar?
lumbar
In males, which hormone stimulates secretion of testosterone?
luteinizing hormone
Which one is a common pathway for both urinary system and genital system, male urethra or female urethra?
male urethra
What is the first step of spermatogenesis; mitosis or meiosis or differentiation?
mitosis
A ball made of sixteen identical cells that leaves the uterine tube and enters the uterine cavity is referred to as ____________.
morula
The vasodilator released from the parasympathetic nerves during erection is the _____________ molecule.
nitric oxide
Which epithelium lines urethra near the external urethral orifice?
non- keratinized squamous epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the vagina?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
During erection, males experience a decreased blood into or out of the erectile tissues of the penis?
out of
-NFP equation
outward pressure- inward pressure NFP=GBHP-(BCOP+CHP)
ligament that attaches an ovary to the lateral side of the uterus.
ovarian ligament
location of oogenesis and follicular development.
ovary
Which cell unites with sperm to form a zygote?
ovum
In females, which hormone stimulates ejection of the milk to the exterior?
oxytocin
In the epithelial tissue lining the uterine tubes, the non-ciliated cells with microvilli are referred to as ____________ (cells).
peg cells
In females, oxytocin is released from the anterior lobe or the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
posterior lobe
In oogenesis, which cell completes meiosis I?
primary oocyte
In spermatogenesis, which cells start and complete meiosis I?
primary spermatocytes
In females, except estrogens, which other hormone inhibits secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
progesterone
In females, which hormone stimulates production of the milk in the glandular alveoli?
prolactin
Which component of the semen stimulates motility of the sperm?
prostaglandin
male gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and contains the first section of male urethra.
prostate
Ejaculatory duct passes through which male gland?
prostate gland
Seminalplasmin molecule is found in the secretion of which male gland?
prostate gland
type of macromolecules that forms the slit membrane covering filtration slits
protein
first secretion of the renal tubule
proximal convulated tubule (PVT)
The pressure that the fluid in the capsular space applies on the wall of capsule promotes
reabsorption
In females, which hormone increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis?
relaxin
part of a nephron that filters the blood
renal corpuscle
Which nerves coordinate the erection reflex, sacral spinal nerves or lumbar spinal nerves?
sacral spinal nerves
In oogenesis, except the ovum, which other cell is the result of meiosis II?
second polar body
Reabsorption of an amino acid molecule through the apical surface of epithelial cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule is via which method or molecule?
secondary active transport
Which cell is released into the pelvic cavity through the process of ovulation?
secondary oocyte
one of the two male glands located posterior to the urinary bladder.
seminal gland
Which male glands release the clotting factors that cause coagulation of the semen after the ejaculation?
seminal glands
Which component of the semen can destroy bacteria?
seminalplasmin
part of the filtration membrane that prevents medium size plasma proteins to enter the capsular space
slit membrane
In spermatogenesis, which cells form at the end of meiosis II?
spermatids
In the process of spermatogenesis, which cells squeeze and pass through the blood-testis barrier?
spermatogonia
The last step of spermatogenesis, which is differentiation of the spermatids to spermatozoa, is referred to as ______________.
spermiogenesis
The longest portion of a male urethra is the __________________.
spongy urethra
In females, estrogens stimulate or inhibit protein anabolism/synthesis?
stimulate
Ejaculation is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reflex
sympathetic
In males, which hormone suppresses secretion of the hormone gonadotropin releasing hormone?
testerone
site of spermatogenesis and the secretion of testosterone.
testis
-The control center of the tubuluglomerular feedback system is
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Part of the renal tubule that extends up toward the renal cortex that has a narrower diameter
thick ascending limb of the loop of henle
Part of the renal tubule that extends up toward the renal cortex and has a wider diameter
thick loop of Henle
The type of junctions between nurse cells that act as the blood-testis barrier is _____________ (junction).
tight junction
Which epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
movement of water and solutes from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries
tubular reabosrption
movement of solutes (ions) from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules
tubular secretion
Found in the glomerular filtrate formed by the renal corpuscle is
urea, bicarbonate ion, ammonia and glucose
interior of the body of the uterus.
uterine cavity
pathway for sperm to reach the secondary oocyte.
uterine tube
largest female reproductive organ.
uterus
pathway for eliminating the menstrual contents to the exterior.
vagina
When glomerular filtration rate increases, the macula densa cells detect increased level of
water and sodium and calcium ions.
Renal tubule
where filtered fluid passes through, reabsorptionand secretion occur between renal tubule and peritubularcapillaries )
Which of the following cells are haploid?
Secondary spermatocyte Spermatid first polar body Sperm Ovum
In testes, which cells build the intercellular junctions that act as the blood-testis barrier?
Sertoli cells
What percentage of glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
100%
What percentage of semen is produced by the seminal vesicles?
60%
What percentage of bicarbonate ion is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
80-90%
Which of the following is the effect of hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
ANP inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water in the collecting duct ANP inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water in the proximal convoluted tubule ANP suppresses the secretion of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone ANP decreases the systemic vascular resistance ANP causes vasodilation of the arterioles supplying non-critical organs
Which of the following hormones increases reabsorption of water in the late distal convoluted tubule?
Aldosterone
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of milk pathway (from left to right)?
Alveoli> secondary tubule> mammary duct > lactiferous sinus > lactiferous duct
Which of the following hormones decrease the urine volume in order to increase the blood pressure?
Angiotensin II Norepinephrine Epinephrine Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following is a source of CO2 found in the epithelial cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule?
CO2 diffuses from the lumen of renal tubule into the epithelial cells Epithelial cells produce CO2 through reactions such as aerobic cellular respiration CO2 is produced by several chemical reactions occurring inside the epithelial cells CO2 diffuses from the peritubular capillaries into the epithelial cells
Antidiuretic hormone affects water reabsorption in which segments of the renal tubule?
Collecting duct and late distal convoluted tubule
Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the nephrons
Decreased urine volume during sympathetic stimulation results in an increased blood volume and blood pressure, The blood flow in and out of the glomerulus decreases in a moderate sympathetic stimulation, During a strenuous exercise, predominantly the change of diameter occurs in the afferent arteriole During fight or flight, the glomerular filtration rate decreases which leads to a decrease of urine volume A greater sympathetic stimulation results in a greater drop of glomerular filtration rate
Reabsorption of the bicarbonate ion occurs in which of the following segments of the renal tubule?
Descending limb of loop of henle Collecting duct Ascending limb of the loop of Henle Late DCT
Which of the following processes are the steps occurring in the production of a concentrated urine?
Diffusion of urea molecules out of the collecting duct into the interstitial fluid (IF) causes the IF to become hypertonic Return of urea into the renal tubule occurs in the descending limb and thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle Due to reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the thick ascending limb, the interstitial fluid around the renal tubule becomes hypertonic Impermeability of the thick ascending limb to water is one of the factors contributing to concentrating the interstitial fluid
Which one correctly describes the pathway for sperm (from left to right) ?
Epididymis> ductus deferens> ejaculatory duct >prostatic urethra membranous> urethra> spongy urethra> exterior
Which of the following hormones decrease the glomerular filtration rate?
Epinephrine and angiotensin II
Pathway for urine drainage
Filtrate (filtered fluid formed bynephrons) drains into collecting duct → papillary duct →minor calyx (read the notebelow)→ major calyx → renalpelvis → ureter → urinarybladder → urethra → exterior
dome-shaped portion of the uterus located superior to the uterine tubes.
Fundus of the uterus
The order of molecule of water
Glomerulus>Glomerular capsule>Proximal convoluted tubule> Descending limp of the loop of Henle> Ascending limb of the loop of Henle> Distal convoluted tubule> collecting duct> papillary duct
portion of the uterine tube that is open into the pelvic cavity.
Infundibulum of the uterine tube
narrowest portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus.
Isthmus of the uterine tube
Angiotensin II increases reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and water in which segment of the renal tubule?
PCT
Which hormone increases reabsorption of calcium ion in the early distal convoluted tubule?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is true about the anatomy and physiology of the uterus?
Proliferation of the stratum basalis is stimulated by estrogens and progesterone The stratum functionalis is one of the layers sloughing off during menstruation
The most reabsorption of solutes and water occurs in which section of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
function of a Sertoli/nurse cells?
Regulate the effect of follicle stimulating hormone Form blood-testis barrier Nourish the cells formed in the process of spermatogenesis Secrete the hormone inhibin Produce and secrete androgen binding protein