Lab Animal Study Guide
New vs Old Monkeys?
New World monkeys have broad noses with a wide septum separating outwardly directed nostrils, whereas Old World monkeys have narrow noses with a thin septum and downward-facing nostrils, as do apes and humans.
Pregnancy toxemia (guinea pig)
Metabolic/nutritional disease Often seen in obese female guinea pigs Associated with: Sudden dietary changes Decreased exercise Increased stress Pregnancy Similarly seen in obese aged boars Onset is sudden and death is within 24 hours Clinical signs: Anorexia Depression Dyspnea Convulsions Stilllbirths Abortions UA = proteinura, ketonuria, and clear urine Bloodwork = hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, uremia, hypoglycemia
Which of the following is a way to draw blood from mouse? A Tail vein B Orbital Sinus C Saphenous Vein D Dorsal Pedal Vein E All of the Above
E. All of the Above
Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for development of urolithiasis in guinea pigs? A. excessive water intake B. obesity C. Lack of exercise D. Feeding of exclusively commercial pelleted diets, especially alfalfa-based pellets
A. excessive water intake
Which of the following require dietary vitamin C? A. mice B. rats C. hamsters D. guinea pigs E. rabbits
D. guinea pigs
rabbit terms
Male = buck Female = doe Immature = kit
OLAW
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare ** all animals covered by AWA
PHS
Public Health Service OLAW = oversight committee Health Research Extension Act of 1985
In 1967, the Animal Care Panel changed its name to what? American Association for Laboratory Animal Science American College of Laboratory Animal Science Association for the Advancement of Laboratory Animal Science Laboratory Animal Science Association
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
AALAS
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science a national organization dedicated to the humane care and treatment of laboratory animals. formerly ACP
Role of the Veterinarian (Lab Animal)
to provide for the health and welfare of animals. The Report of the American College of Laboratory Medicine on Adequate Veterinary Care in Research, testing, and Teaching provides a detailed description of adequate veterinary care - varies by species but must comply with standard veterinary practice. - selection and utilization of suitable anesthetic and analgesic agents and methods of euthanasia - appropriate selection of species for research projects - proper performance of surgical procedures and adequate pre-operative, surgical, and post-operative care
What blood collection site in a mouse is on the side of the face?
mouse facial v.
Guinea pig terms
Cavia porcellus Male = boar Female = sow Young = piglets
What was the first standardized laboratory animal? Mouse Rabbit Guinea pig Rat
Rat
All macaques should be considered Herpes B virus infected and to be shedding virus at all times?
True
Gastric trichobezoars (rabbit)
Presents: Anorexia No feces Weight loss Otherwise fine Predisposed: Don't vomit - they can't Small pylorus Dwarf rabbits Dx: Abdominal palpation Rads Tx: Laxatives Pineapple/papaya Gastrectomy? Prevention: High fiber diet Hay or pelleted feed Cool ambient temperature
Criteria for animal model selection
- accurately reproduce the disease under study - available to multiple investigators at different institutions - exportable - if genetic model - polytocous - large enough for biopsies - should fit into available facilities - easily handled - available in multiple species - survive long enough to be useful - most relevant to study, current literature
Chinchilla dental formula
1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3
When was the Animal Welfare Act first passed into law by the U.S. Congress? 1966 1975 1965 1967
1966
Non-Human Primate quarantine period?
90 days (outside the US in the last 1 year) 60 days (domestic import) * negative TST within 30 days of arrival and every 2 weeks after arrival (alternate eyelids) New world must have 3 consecutive neg and Old world must have 4 (read at 24, 48, and 72 hours) * Simian Virus testing within the first 35 days * with approval, special feeding or lab sample collection can be arranged after 14 days
AAALAC
American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care ** covers ALL ANIMALS including invertebrates
Animal Model
A living organism in which normative biology or behavior can be studied, or in which a spontaneous or induced pathological process can be investigated, and in which the phenomenon in one or more respects resembles the same phenomenon in humans or other species of animal
Which of the following is the reason why rabbits are prone to lumbar fracture/dislocation? A Decreased muscle mass relative to bone structure B Increased bone density C Fused vertebrae D Missing vertebrae
A: Decreased muscle mass relative to bone structure
Which organization accredits laboratory animal facilities? American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP) American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM) American Association for Laboratory Animals in Science (AALAS) AAALAC International
AAALAC International
Describe how the American Associated Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) accredits research facilities.
AALAC will assign experts to review your written program description and then AALAC will perform a site visit to determine if the facilities and program meet the standards and are following these general principles: - the care and management of laboratory animals should be directed by qualified persons - all animal care personnel should be suitably qualified by training and experience in the care of laboratory animals - physical facilities and the methods of care and use for animals should permit their maintenance in a stage of well-being and comfort - the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide) shall serve as a basic guide to the establishment of specific standards for accreditation. AAALAC International may establish standards based on prevailing directives, conventions, and guidelines of the country in which the accreditable unit is located - The accreditable unit shall observe any and all statutes and governmental regulations which bear upon animal care and use including, but not limited to, the prevailing standards of sanitation, health, labor, and safety of the jurisdictions in which it is located - the accredited unit shall submit an annual report which describes elements of the animal care and use program as specified by AAALAC International. In addition, the accredited unit shall promptly notify AAALAC International of adverse events relating to the animal care and use program. Examples include investigations by the USDA or OLAW - Membership is an association or organization for laboratory animal care and use or in association of person dedicated to the care and use of lab animals or membership in any association or organization shall not be required as a condition for gaining or maintaining accredited status under the AAALAC international accreditation program.
Mandibular prognathism (rabbit)
AKA malocclusion Teeth misalignment, short maxilla and normal/long mandible??? *However, in rabbits the primary defect is actually a short maxilla in relation to a mandible of normal length, so the common name is actually a misnomer* Always evaluate upper and lower incisors Tx: Carefully trim teeth Prevention: Remove from gene pool
What is AAALAC?
American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care A private, nonprofit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through voluntary accreditation and assessment programs. It is important as it endorses animal use to advance medicine while making sure to uphold to animal welfare standards. ** Where science and responsible animal care connect!
AALAS was founded in 1950 by a group of five laboratory animal veterinarians. What was the original name of the organization? Animal Care League National Research Council AALAS was founded in 1950 by a group of five laboratory animal veterinarians. What was the original name of the organization? Animal Care League National Research Council Animal Care Panel Animal Care Association Animal Care Association
Animal Care Panel
ACP
Animal Care Panel The basic philosophy held by the group was that those who use animals for research studies have a moral obligation to provide for their needs and ensure their welfare. Began in 1950
What regulation specifically protects employees who report significant deficits in a research program? Animal Welfare Act Controlled Substances Act Safe Work Act The Guide
Animal Welfare Act
AWA
Animal Welfare Act ** covers all warm-blooded animals except lab bred mice/rats, birds, horses, and agricultural animals not in research
AWAR
Animal Welfare Act Regulations
Tyzzer's disease, caused by Clostridium piliforme, affects small mammals and causes gross lesions in 3 anatomic locations often referred to as "Tyzzer's Triad." Which of the following is NOT part of "Tyzzer's Triad?" A. Liver B. Kidney C. Heart D. Intestine
B - Kidney
An apparently healthy 1 y/o male rabbit shares his 5X5 cage with the 3 y/o male guinea pig presenting to you today. The owner describes gradual loss of body and muscle conditioning, and the guinea pig is in severe respiratory stress. Which etiology is highest on your list of differentials? A. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis B. Bordetella bronchiseptica C. Aeromona salmonicida D. Ascorbic acid toxicosis
B. Bordetella bronchiseptica
What predominant bacteria causes cervical lymphadenitis (LUMPS) in guinea pigs? A Streptobacillus moniliformis B Streptococcus zooepidemicus C Fusiformis sp. D Pasteurella sp.
B. streptococcus zooepidemicus
Which member of the research team plans and coordinates all phases of the research work? Principal investigator Facility director Institutional Official Laboratory animal veterinarian
Principal investigator
Which of the following is not a valid treatment for an apical abscess in a rabbit? A Complete excision B Debridement and packing with C PMMA beads D Drain placement E Removal of inciting tooth
C - Drain placement
Which of the following is not a consequence of rabbit malocclusion? A Quidding B Ptyalism C Scratching D Tongue lesions
C - Scratching
Which zoonotic virus is most concerning when working with macaques? A Hepatitis A B Hepatitis B C Herpes B virus D Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C Herpes B virus
What is the causative agent of "ringtail" in rats and mice within the laboratory setting? A Ringworm B High humidity C Low humidity D Poor nutrition E Pinworms
C Low humidity
A client brings in a wild rabbit that they found. Before you can stop them, the client puts the rabbit directly on your exam table. Your exam at a distance reveals bilateral epistaxis. You know that you have a client coming in later with their pet rabbit for a nail trim. What pathogen are you worried about potentially transmitting, to the client's pet rabbit? A Canine distemper virus B Rabies virus C Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus D Psoroptes cuniculi
C Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
Which of the following is not a feature of rabbit dentition? A Peg Teeth B Open rooted teeth C All teeth are continuously growing D Incisors are continuously growing
C. All teeth are continuously growing
Which of the following animals is known to have vaccine associated adverse reactions that are primarily type 1 hypersensitivity reactions to the canine distemper virus and can be fatal if administered the modified live version? A Rabbits B Mice C Ferrets D Guinea Pigs
C. Ferrets
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate example of handling for the mouse in a laboratory setting? A Grabbing the mouse by the base of the tail B Restraint with two fingers grasping the skin on the back of the neck C Grabbing the mouse by the tip of the tail D Allowing the mouse to sit in an open palm
C. Grabbing the mouse by the tip of the tail
What is the correct dental formula for a rat/mouse? A. I: 1/1 C: 0/0 PM: 1/1 M: 3/3 B. I: 1/1 C: 0/0 PM: 2/1 M: 3/3 C. I: 1/1 C: 0/0 PM: 0/0 M: 3/3 D. I: 2/1 C: 0/0 PM: 3/2 M: 3/3
C. I: 1/1 C: 0/0 PM: 0/0 M: 3/3
Vitamin A deficiency (rabbit)
Cartilage weakening --> droopy ears Retarded growth Ocular lesions --> cloudy corneas, keratitis, blindness Reduced fertility Clinical signs: Hydrocephalus Neurologic Tx/prevention: 10,000 IU/kg of diet Most sensitive to oxidation
Bordetella (guinea pig)
Causes pneumonia Clinical signs: No signs Nasal discharge Sneezing Dyspnea Weight loss Sudden death Abortion/stillbirths Lungs dark-colored Hemorrhages and consolidation ***transmitted by rabbits and contaminated fomites and direct contacts / aerosol DO NOT HOUSE WITH RABBITS OR DOGS Carriers may be asymptomatic Otitis media may occur Clinical signs = head tilt (torticollis) Dx: Clinical signs Radiographs Otocopic exam Histopathology Culture of agent Antibiotic toxicity: My suppress signs Usually do not eliminate organism May induce fatal enterocolitis
Pasteurellosis (snuffles/wry neck)
Clinical signs Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge Check forepaws Sneezing Coughing Conjunctivitis Vaginal discharge Gross lesions: Mucopurulent exudate in nasal cavity and sinuses Nasal turbinate atrophy Pneumonia --> primarily anterioventral +/- abscesses Pleuritis, peritonitis, pericarditis, pyometra, orchitis Abscesses in the lungs, liver, and kidney Dx: Clinical signs Culture of P. multocida Gram neg Nonmotile Endotoxin Transmission: Aerosol Direct Venereal Fomites Tx: Enrofloxacin 5-10mg/kg SQ BID 100mg/L drinking water (chicken baytril?) Surgery - orchitis, pyometra, skin abscesses
Vitamin E Deficiency (rabbit)
Clinical signs: Muscular stiffness Weakness Reduced feed consumption Weight loss Neonatal mortality Infertility Creatinuria Elevated creatinine phosphokinase Muscle pallor Muscle atrophy Tx:/prevention: 40mg of alpha tocopherol per kg of feed IM injection/oral 15mg/kg x 7 days
Tyzzer's disease (hamsters)
Clostridium piliforme Gram neg Obligate intracellular spore forming rod Transmitted fecal-oral Clinical signs Hunched posture Rough hair coat +/- diarrhea Sudden death Tyzzer's Triad GI ileum Liver Heart Enterocolitis with edema Lymphadenitis Multifocal liver necrosis Histopath Geisma stain Silver stain PAS ELISA and PCR also diagnostic Tx: Tet Metronidazole Palliative Depopulation Control Autoclave Cage wash Disinfectants Diluted bleach
What antibiotic if given to rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and chinchillas can cause clostridial enteritis, enterotoxemia, and death? A Fluroquinolone B Chloramphenicol C Tetracyclines D Macrolides
D - Macrolides
Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis, also known as Green Slime Disease, affects ferrets of all ages and is associated with which common clinical signs? A Lethargy B Anisocoria C Profuse, bright-green mucoid diarrhea D A & B E All of the above
D. A & C??? (Lethargy and profuse, bright green mucoid diarrhea
Which of the following crystals is a common finding in the urine of healthy rabbits and guinea pigs, predisposing them to bladder sludge and urolithiasis? A Cystine B Magnesium ammonium phosphate C Calcium oxalate D Calcium carbonate E Ammonium urate
D. Calcium carbonate
Which of the following animal models are commonly used in pulmonary research due to it having lungs approximately 3 times larger than other mammals based on body size? A. Mice B. Rats C. Rabbits D. Ferrets E. Non-human primates
D. Ferrets
What anatomical region does a traumatic vertebral dislocation most commonly present in rabbits? A T4 B L4 C T7 D L7
D. L7
Which of the following species commonly used in laboratory testings possess(es) the unique anatomical feature in the GI tract known as the sacculus rotundus? A Mice B Rats C Cynomolgus monkeys D Rabbits E Zebra fish
D. Rabbits
Which one of these is a common endoparasites in both rats and mice? A Dipylidium caninum (Tapeworm) B Ancylostoma spp. (Hookworm) C Polyplax spinulosa (Lice) D Syphacia spp. (Pinworm)
D. Syphacia spp. (Pinworm)
Who was known as the first "Professor of Laboratory Animal Medicine"? Dr. Carl Schlotthauer Dr. D.E. Salmon Dr. Charles Griffin Dr. Simon Brimhall
Dr. Carl Schlotthauer
Who led the group of veterinarians that met in Chicago and formed the Animal Care Panel in 1950? Dr. Jennifer Smith Dr. Louis Pasteur Dr. Nathan Brewer Dr. Paul Weiss
Dr. Nathan Brewer
What was the name of the first laboratory animal veterinarian? Dr. Simon Brimhall Dr. Cooper Curtice Dr. John Call Dalton Dr. Theobald Smith
Dr. Simon Brimhall
Which diseases are of concern with both wild and captive rats, mice, rodents and rabbits? A Tularemia B Leptospirosis C Lymphocytic choriomenigitis (LCMV) D Tularemia E All of the above
E - all of the above
Which of the following species has/have a palatal ostium, complicating the process of intubation? A. Rats B. Guinea pigs C. Chinchillas D. All of the above E. Answers B and C (Guinea pigs and chinchillas)
E. Answers B and C
The Attending Veterinarian must be a full-time employee of the institution. False True
False
True or False: Considering animal behavior when housing lab animals, it is important to keep rats separated as they are prone to inter-male aggresion. True False
False - Mice typically have inter-male aggressions as they are territorial and will fight if housed together. Therefore, mice should be separated. For rats, both sexes can and should be group-housed. [Dr. Bidot's lecture on Mouse and Rat Biology and Diseases]
Ketosis (guinea pig)
Fatty liver Numerous lipid droplets Ample fat stores Empty stomach Pre-eclampsia Due to uteroplacental ischemia Secondary due to aortic compression by large fetuses Tx: Usually insuccessful Parenteral fluids with glucose and steroids Avoid obesity Avoid circumstances that might lead to interruption in or decreased food consumption Maintain vitamin C
Sexing rabbits
Female have a larger more developed dewlap --> Dewlap is the fat of skin under the chin Also the hairless scrotal sacs lateral to the penis in the male These sacs are called inguinal pouches if found in females
What are 2 major diseases to know of non human primates?
Herpes B - (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, herpesviridae), an alphaherpesvirus endemic in macaque monkeys, has the unique distinction of being the only one of nearly 35 identified non-human primate herpesviruses that is highly pathogenic in humans and spread by macaques. Causes flu like symptoms in humans - can be deadly!! TB - In monkeys and large apes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M bovis, and M avium complex can cause severe disease of the lungs and other organs. Epidemics in primate colonies may be caused by contact with infected human caregivers
Which member of the research team coordinates animal care activities and advises on the selection of appropriate animal models? Principal investigator Research technician Laboratory animal technician Laboratory animal veterinarian
Laboratory animal veterinarian
Dystocia (guinea pig)
Large or malformed fetus Large litter Abnormal presentation Preg tox Ueterine inertia Incomplete relaxation of pubic symphysis Primiparous sows greater than 7 mo and obese sows Prolonged parturition Pubic symphysis separates 2-48 hours prepartum Palpate by placing index finger over symphysis and press gently Fingers should drop down Should reach 22 mm or greater If uterine inertia is cause: One unit oxytocin SQ to stimulate delivery If due to other causes: C section
Proliferative ileitis (wet tail) (hamsters)
Lawsonia intracellularis Transmissible ileal hyperplasia Transmission Fecal-oral Fomites Clinical signs: None Lethargy Unkempt hair coat Anorexia Weight loss Foul smelling diarrhea Dehydration Rectal prolapse Gross pathology Abrupt segmental thickening Prominent serosal nodules Fibrinous peritoneal adhesions Histopath Marked crypt and villous hyperplasia Villous elongation Villous fusion Necrosis and hemorrhage Crypt abscessation and granulomatous inflammation Dx: Special stains = silver/PAS Clinical signs Culture Tx: Several antibiotic treatments are recommended, including doxycycline (5-10 mg/kg, PO, twice a day for 5-7 days), enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg, PO or IM, twice a day for 5-7 days), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30 mg/kg, PO, twice a day for 5-7 days).
Rabbit features
Less radiodense bones - compared to other species of comparable weight Muscle mass of rabbit relative to bone structure makes it prone to lumbar fracture/dislocation They have 2 pairs of incisors (one pair of pegs behind the first pair) Teeth are open-rooted (no roots) and incisors grow continuously Malocclusions do not always meet correctly and cause malocclusion They have a long GI tract (like a horse) Also has a sacculus rotundus
DO NOT USE antibiotics in rabbits
Lincomycin Ampicillin Amoxicillin Clindamycin Erythromycin Cephalexin Penicillin
Slobbers (chinchilla)
Malocclusion caused by buccal ulceration Causes anorexia, weight loss, and wet chin Possible hereditary in origin
Which of the following genetically engineered animal models has seen the most increase in use in the past five years? Rat Guinea pig Rabbit Mouse
Mouse
What is a zoonotic disease of concern from fish?
Mycobacterium marinum - an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis, morbidity and mortality in fish.
Which of the following publications indicates areas for veterinary involvement in biomedical research? National Need and Priorities for Veterinarians in Biomedical Research Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd Edition AVMA Report on Veterinary Specialization
National Need and Priorities for Veterinarians in Biomedical Research
Who publishes the current edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? National Research Council Food and Drug Administration National Institutes of Health United States Department of Agriculture
National Research Council
PHS Policy vs USDA Regulations
PHS has a minimum of 5 members (DVM, CEO appointed, scientist, non-scientist, non-affiliated member) whereas USDA has a minimum of 3 members (DVM, nonaffiliated member, CEO appointed member)
Buphthalmia (rabbit)
Predilection in NZW Unilateral or bilateral May progress to corneal ulceration Genetic: autosomal recessive Not assumed to be painful like glaucoma in cats and dogs
Splay leg (rabbit)
Progressive condition with early onset Presentation and death due to weight loss from inability to eat and drink Dx: Rads Femoral head dysgenesis Tx: None Prevention: Avoid breeding
RALAT is the acronym for which of the following? Registered Associate Laboratory Animal Technician Research Associate Laboratory Animal Technician Research Animal Laboratory Assistant Technician Registered Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician
Registered Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician
acute deaths in the mouse breeding colony - hunched posture, anorexia, lethargy, splenomegaly, mucosal intestinal congestion / edema, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. What is the differential diagnosis and next steps?
Salmonella enterica, a gram negative, toxin producing bacteria - serovar Tymphimurium - transmitted by fecal-oral clinical signs: can cause acute death with no clinical signs of infection, +/- diarrhea, abortion, hunches posture, anorexia, lethargy Dx: history of disease outbreaks, decreased fecundity in breeding colonies, gross lesions, and wild rodent exposure. Definitive diagnosis is determined from culture of liver and spleen, feces, mesenteric LN, and ileal homogenates on media such as MacConkey agar with serotyping and PCR ** zoonotic and reportable in humans
Hypovitaminosis C (guinea pig)
Scurvy Common but frequently unrecognized Ascorbic acid needed for Collagen synthesis Intercellular activity Biochemical processes Clinical signs: Swollen hind limbs Inactivity Enlarged costochondral junctions Swollen limbs Increased vocalization Anorexia Weakness Delayed wound healing Death Treat with 50mg/kg vit C Use specialized pellets within 90 days Monitor frequently - tend to be picky with new feed
Lab animal pain
Signs of (acute) pain: - guarding - vocalization - mutilation - restlessness - sweating - recumbency - depression - abnormal appearance * Know normal behavior and appearance and recognize departure from it in the event of pain (species specific)
What does the acronym "SOP" stand for? Standard operating procedure Standard operations plan Standard organizational process Systems operating procedure
Standard operating procedure
Which of the following duties would not be routinely performed by an ALAT? Animal husbandry Recordkeeping Facility sanitation procedures Surgical procedures
Surgical procedures
What is the first step to take to try to resolve a conflict with a co-worker? Talk to the human resources department and ask for a transfer. Talk to your co-worker and see if you can discuss the issues and work out the problem. Report the problem to your supervisor immediately. Try to do your work without making your co-worker upset.
Talk to your co-worker and see if you can discuss the issues and work out the problem.
What mandate or document must be studied in addition to the ALAT Training Manual to prepare for the ALAT technician certification examination? Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals and the Animal Welfare Act PHS Policy The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Vitamin D toxicity (Rabbit)
Very low requirement - Ca and P readily absorbed Usually a miscalculation of vit D in diet Clinical signs: Progressive emaciation Weakness Anorexia Diarrhea Polydipsia Ataxia Paralysis Death Sequalae: May lead to calcification of soft tissues, including the liver, kidneys, artery walls, and muscles
Why are animals used to study human disease? There are no regulations that restrict the use of animals in research. It takes less time to perform an experiment with animals than with humans. The physiological processes in animal models can be very similar to humans. It is less expensive to use animals for research studies.
The physiological processes in animal models can be very similar to humans.
True or False: When taking radiographs of exotic mammals, 2 views are needed (Lateral and VD). A DV is needed if the animal is dyspneic.
True
Guinea pig dentition
Unique for rodents - MOST DO NOT have premolars 2(I1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) = 20
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture APHIS (animal and plant health inspection service) = oversight committee Animal Welfare Act 1966
What is NOT a method used by researchers to reduce the number of animals used? Computer models Improved statistical methods Cell culture Using invertebrates rather than mammals
Using invertebrates rather than mammals
Specific legal protections for employees who discover and report issues on noncompliance are also known as what? Immunity laws Snitch statute Exposure protections Whistleblower laws
Whistleblower laws
The act of eating feces is called? This is one way some animals obtain certain vitamins and minerals not available through normal digestion.
coprophagy
What are sentinel animals?
externally sourced animals that are introduced into a population, exposed to animals or soiled bedding from the population, and sampled in lieu of the principal animals. cost-effective way of monitoring mouse colonies for the presence of pathogens.Sentinels are used as a monitoring tools to test each room for infectious agents that may impact the health of the rodents as well as impacting the experimental studies. At cage change, one spoonful of bedding from every cage is collected into a separate cage which houses the sentinel mouse or rat. LARC provides at least one sentinel for every rack. Sentinel Mice Information: CD1 mice, 5-6 weeks of age, usually females Sentinel Rat Information: Sprague Dawley rats, 5-6 weeks of age, usually females LARC veterinary staff can vary the sex or strains of sentinel animals at any time.Quarterly serology, fecals and tape test samples are collected from sentinel animals and sent in to UCD for testing. Sentinels are euthanized for blood collection for murine virus and Mycoplasma titers. Fecal samples are collected for fecal floatation to test for pinworms. Cellophane tape samples are collected from dorsum and perineum to screen for furmites and pinworms. Sentinels are not routinely tested for Helicobacter spp., Pasteurella pneumotropica or other bacterial agents.
Dr. Claude Bernard is known as the: founder of Animal Rights. founder of Cardiovascular Physiology. founder of Animal Science. founder of Experimental Medicine.
founder of Experimental Medicine.
Tuberculin skin testing is an important component of nonhuman primate colony health surveillance. Testing is routinely performed using _____________ by intradermal injection into the _________ of an anesthetized nonhuman primate.
mammalian tuberculin ; eyelid
The most common nematode of rats and mice are _____________ which may be treated with either ___________ in the water or _____________ in the feed.
pinworms (Syphacia obvelata); ivermectin ; fenbendazole
