Chp 5 Smartbook

Select all that apply Which of the following have been used to improve children's attention? eye-contact exercises computer exercises stop-go activities intelligence testing deprivation situations

eye-contact exercises computer exercises stop-go activities

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the _______________ ________________ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function

Perceptions, emotions, and desires are all mental states that children from ______ begin to understand. 2 to 3 years of age 6 months to 18 months of age 3 to 5 years of age 6 months to 2 years of age

2 to 3 years of age

Children with an advanced theory of mind tend to be less popular with their peers. can often be mistaken for having a cognitive deficit. have better social skills in peer relations. are less understood by peers until they reach adolescence.

have better social skills in peer relations.

The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in height and weight. appetite. flexibility and agility. cognitive ability.

height and weight.

Television watching during mealtimes has a(n) ______ effect on a child's eating habits. unknown positive neutral negative

negative

Select all that apply Which of the following are criticisms of Vygotsky's theory? strong emphasis on stages of development failure to take culture into account not specific about age-related changes saw teacher as a director, not a facilitator overemphasis on the role of language

not specific about age-related changes overemphasis on the role of language

Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as ________________, whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.

obese

Select all that apply According to research, which of the following have been associated with the development of executive function in children? harsh parenting parental education secure attachment fathers' autonomy support

parental education secure attachment fathers' autonomy support

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of syntax. semantics. morphology. phonology.

phonology.

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time. impulsiveness playfulness randomization planfulness

planfulness

In one study, the ability to focus attention better at age 5 was linked to ______ at age 9. a lower level of school achievement better school attendance a higher level of school achievement worse school attendance

a higher level of school achievement

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood. cognitive psychoanalytic evolutionary physiological

cognitive

The awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as preoccupation. conservation. preoperational thought. centration.

conservation.

Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children? extensive bedtime routines consistent sleep and wake times exercise before bed cutting out napping

consistent sleep and wake times

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate the income level of a child's family. contextual factors in learning. a child's family background. componential factors in learning.

contextual factors in learning.

In 2017, ______ was the most common cause of accidental death in young children. poisoning drowning suffocation homicide

drowning

Select all that apply Which of the following are factors that influence children's theory of mind development? physical activity and exercise engagement in pretend play secure attachment to parents high IQ

engagement in pretend play secure attachment to parents

In early childhood, ___________________ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition.

executive

Select all that apply What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood? executive attention novel attention sustained attention extended attention

executive attention sustained attention

Select all that apply Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? having the television on during dinner. modeling healthy eating habits. allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table. preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups. maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine.

modeling healthy eating habits. preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups. maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine.

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of pragmatics. structure. systems. practicality.

pragmatics.

The ability to mentally represent an object that is not present is associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development. formal operational preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor

preoperational

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the sensorimotor stage. formal operational stage. preoperational stage. concrete operational stage.

preoperational stage.

Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood. action long sensory short

short

Which of the following refers to a limited-capacity memory in which information is usually retained for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information? schema memory long-term memory short-term memory executive memory

short-term memory

Select all that apply According to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for which of the following reasons? expressing behaviors social communication planning their behaviors problem solving

social communication planning their behaviors problem solving

Which of the following emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction? Stages of development Cognitive constructionism Piagetian theory Social constructivist approach

Social constructivist approach

According to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private ______ to help solve tasks. behaviors thought speech actions

speech

Select all that apply Why does memory span change as children age? Children are no longer reliant on working memory. The speed with which memory items can be identified increases. Older children are more likely to rehearse information. The efficiency with which children process information improves.

The speed with which memory items can be identified increases. Older children are more likely to rehearse information. The efficiency with which children process information improves.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills? goal-setting cognitive flexibility cognitive inhibition stimulus-driven

stimulus-driven

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ____________________, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? psychoanalytic theory Bandura's social cognitive theory theory of mind Erikson's psychosocial theory

theory of mind

Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind? the ability to be alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible in life's everyday activities. a study of the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning. thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others. the idea that gist-based intuition serves young children and adolescents better than analytical thinking.

thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others.

True or false: Children who perform better at executive function tasks seem to also have a better understanding of theory of mind.

true

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.

true

Two controversies in early childhood education involve what the curriculum should be and whether preschool education should be _____________________ in the United States.

universal

Sustained attention is also known as encoding. vigilance. multitasking. rehearsal.

vigilance.

Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills? reading supportive environments listening, talking, and writing experiences watching TV

watching TV

An increase in height and an increase in _______________ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

weight

Select all that apply Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs? whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States. how to assess school readiness in preschool children. how many hours a day children should spend in preschool. what the preschool curriculum should be.

whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States. what the preschool curriculum should be.

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children? zone of proximal development scaffolding reciprocal dialog social learning of modeling

zone of proximal development

Select all that apply Which three mental states do children begin to understand from 2 to 3 years of age? desires emotions false beliefs perceptions

desires emotions perceptions

Select all that apply Around the age of 5, children will do which of the following? feel very unsure about their own knowledge and understanding. develop an interest in the ability to use reason. think rationally about the world. want to know why things are the way they are.

develop an interest in the ability to use reason. want to know why things are the way they are.

Piaget believed that private speech is essential for social communication. developmentally damaging. an important tool of thought. egocentric and immature.

egocentric and immature.

When thinking about thinking, a 3- to 5-year-old will often see the mind as an active processing center. report specific thoughts and when they occurred. have a deep appreciation for the mind. fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect their thoughts.

fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect their thoughts.

True or false: Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors.

false

True or false: If a preoperational child cannot conserve volume, the child also will NOT be able to conserve number.

false

Preschool children's ability to control and sustain attention is only relevant in social matters. linked to popularity but not academic achievement. mostly irrelevant to development. related to school readiness.

related to school readiness.

_______________-term memory involves retaining information for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.

short

A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying sensory memory. long-term memory. short-term memory. abstract memory.

short-term memory.

The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years. slightly slowly significantly moderately

significantly

Of the following, the reliability of a young child's eyewitness testimony is probably most highly dependent on the consequences of the legal case. skills and motivations of the interviewer. implicit memory of the child. child's working memory capacity.

skills and motivations of the interviewer.

The recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is ______ hours. 6 to 8 8 to 10 4 to 6 10 to 13

10 to 13

Match each activity (Underneath the age): climbing a low jungle gym running races with friends hopping and jumping With the appropriate age at which it can be achieved (First): 3 years old 4 years old 5 years old

3 years old hopping and jumping 4 years old climbing a low jungle gym 5 years old running races with friends

The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by which age? 7 6 5 3

5

At around approximately ______ years of age, children develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states. 5 to 7 3 to 5 1 to 2 8 to 9

5 to 7

Physicians now see children as young as ______ of age with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. 10 years 2 years 5 years 7 years

5 years

______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior. Cognitive mechanics Executive function Fluid intelligence Crystallized pragmatics

Executive function

The brain grows more rapidly in childhood than in infancy. True False

False

What do critics of Vygotsky's theory think of his view of collaboration and guidance? It has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or children are lazy. It overemphasizes the role of the teacher as director of knowledge. It is not in line with the proven views of Piaget. It does not adequately include teachers or facilitators.

It has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or children are lazy.

Children younger than age 4 do not understand that it is possible to have false belief. true false

true

Project Head Start is the largest federally funded program for children in the United States. true false

true

Select all that apply Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens are academically rigorous. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

Project _______________ ______________ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

Head Start

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined. Syntax Phonology Morphology Semantics

Phonology

Select all that apply What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children are able to present competent narratives.

The main cause of death among young children is heart defects. cancer. accidents. homicide.

accidents.

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called ___________________.

centration

Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development. at the lower limit of his zone of proximal development. scaffolding through his zone of proximal development. outside the limit of his zone of proximal development.

at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called centration. attention. executive function. information processing.

attention.

A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following? phonetic rules auxiliary-inversion rule morphological rules correspondence rules

auxiliary-inversion rule

Which of the following is a consequence/risk of obesity in childhood? being overweight as an adult decreased hypertension malnourishment having a higher risk for developing ADHD

being overweight as an adult

Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences at approximately 18 months. between 2 and 3 years of age. around age 1. between 3 and 4 years of age.

between 2 and 3 years of age.

The determination of whether a child is considered overweight is done through the measurement of diet and weight. levels of fat in the blood. body mass index (BMI). overall weight based on body frame shape.

body mass index (BMI).

Child-_______________ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

Select all that apply Obesity and a low level of physical activity in children has been linked to which of the following serious health problems? hypertension marasmus colon cancer type 2 diabetes

hypertension type 2 diabetes

One eye-contact exercise involves a teacher sitting in the middle of a circle of preschoolers and having each child catch the teacher's eye before being permitted to leave the group. This is an example of recognizing the salient features. increasing memory span. decreasing impulsivity. improving attention span.

improving attention span.

Select all that apply Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory? inability to recall relevant information. desire to be in the spotlight. individual differences in susceptibility. interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions. age differences in susceptibility to suggestion.

individual differences in susceptibility. interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions. age differences in susceptibility to suggestion.

Select all that apply Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? Reggio Emilia's theory information processing theory Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory

information processing theory Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought remain independent of one another throughout development. are initially merged and then differentiate themselves from one another. remain merged throughout development. initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the ______ substage of preoperational thought. mature central virtual intuitive

intuitive

During what preoperational thought substage do children seek answers to all sorts of questions? symbolic function information processing object permanence intuitive thought

intuitive thought

Select all that apply Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood? jumping assembling a simple jig-saw puzzle climbing running

jumping climbing running

Select all that apply Which of the following are individual differences that affect theory of mind development in children? language development executive function sustained attention intuitive thought symbolic functioning

language development executive function

With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions. fail to use prepositions until they reach about 4 years of age. acquire language in precisely the same manner. acquire language in a significantly unique way.

learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions.

The brain grows _______ in early childhood than in infancy. more rapidly less rapidly twice as much as rapidly

less rapidly

The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of ______, the retention of information over time. planfulness divided attention metacognition memory

memory

The retention of information over time is defined as _________________.

memory

What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage? rational thought primitive reasoning abstract reasoning symbolic thinking

primitive reasoning

Select all that apply Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age? (Choose every correct answer.) processing speed rehearsal of information sensory memory implicit memory

processing speed rehearsal of information

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of _______________ development.

proximal

The failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally ________________ actions.

reverse

Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to relevant features rather than salient features. salient features rather than relevant features. background features rather than salient features. background features rather than relevant features.

salient features rather than relevant features.

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________. appropriate limiting proximal assistance frameworking scaffolding

scaffolding

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ____________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Select all that apply The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following? secure attachment complete independence compliance emotional regulation stubbornness

secure attachment compliance emotional regulation

Select all that apply Which of the following are a part of executive functioning? self-control memory for individual facts mathematical skill goal-directed behavior

self-control goal-directed behavior