chpter 12
Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Physiological Love Safety Esteem
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
Task significance
Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?
Task significance
Laura's manager is retiring in six months, and Laura really wants to be promoted to succeed her. In terms of expectancy theory, Laura has a high ______ in regard to her promotion.
Valence
Jaleel believes that if he studies hard for the next test, he will earn a high score. In terms of motivation theory, this is an example of ______.
expectanct
Janeen's boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a(n) ______.
extrinsic reward
What three types of justice are the components of organizational justice?
Distributive Interactional Procedural
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs, and a very high level of ______ needs.
Power
According to self-determination theory, what are the innate needs that people need to satisfy to achieve psychological growth?
Autonomy Competence Relatedness
When a supervisor no longer gives bonuses for selling a particular product, employees are less likely to try to sell that product. This is a type of reinforcement called ______.
extinction
According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constitutes ______.
well being
According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?
Competence, autonomy and relatedness
Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?
Job characteristics model
According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs?
Training Experience Effort
Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.
bonus program
One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.
working at a job they found meaningful
Which answer best describes flourishing?
The extent to which our lives contain positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement
When little Josef would throw himself on the floor, screaming and kicking, his mother ignored him. Consequently, Josef has stopped throwing tantrums. This is an example of ______.
extinction
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.
merit
"I'll take out the garbage," Jan tells husband. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ______.
negative reinforcement
To encourage Mikayla to help around the house, her mother offers to pay her $1 each time she makes her bed in the morning and puts her laundry in the hamper. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as _____
profit sharing
Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.
reinforcement
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.
self-determination
Lois asks herself how badly she wants the bonus she could earn by working overtime on her current project. In terms of expectancy theory, this describes Lois's ______ for the additional pay.
valence
After you identify a long-term goal, what is the second step in developing career readiness?
Break your long-term goal into several short-term goals.
Match the innate need identified by self-determination theory (on the left) with its description (on the right).
Competence Competence answer drop zone Feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task correct toggle button unavailable Feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task Autonomy 2 of 3 Autonomy Autonomy answer drop zone Feeling as though you have the freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do correct toggle button unavailable Feeling as though you have the freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do Relatedness 3 of 3 Relatedness Relatedness answer drop zone Feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others correct toggle button unavailable Feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others
After tasks on a to-do list are prioritized, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Create a time schedule for reaching your long-term goal.
The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?
Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.
True or false: Money is the best motivator.
False
Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?
Goal-setting theory
Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?
Goal-setting theory Equity theory Expectancy theory
What is the first step in developing career readiness?
Identify your most important long-term goal.
What strategies are recommended to add meaningfulness to your life?
Integrate your natural strengths into your work life. Look for ways to help others. Seek out activities you love doing.
What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?
Job enrichment Job enlargement
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.
McClelland's acquired needs theory
Which statement about incentive compensation plans is true?
No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.
Tyler works for a large financial services firm. Each time he earns a professional certification in his field, he is rewarded with an increase in his salary. Which type of compensation plan does this describe?
Pay for knowledge
What type of compensation plan ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn?
Pay for knowledge
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Piece rate
After the creation of a "to-do" list for accomplishing short-term goals, what is the next step in developing career readiness?
Prioritize the tasks you need to complete to reach your goal.
What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?
Profit sharing
What characteristics should your long-term goal have
Results-oriented Attainable Measurable
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.
Sales comission
What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?
They link rewards to performance. They are agreed on by both employees and managers.
What are three types of learning opportunities?
Tuition reimbursement Studying co-workers Learning and development
Why should you break your most important long-term goal into many short-term goals?
You are more likely to achieve a long-term goal if you break it down into smaller goals.
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.
bonuses
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.
commission
Your to-do list for achieving short-term goals should identify the ______.
daily tasks you need to complete
The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is referred to as ______.
extinction
Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards.
extrinsic
When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.
give rewards as soon as possible
The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.
human capital
What statement about stretch goals is true?
increase willingness
The sense of belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self is referred to as _____
meaningfulness
To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.
measureable
According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement
Patrick's company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as a stock ______.
option
When prioritizing the tasks you need to complete to reach your career goals, you should ______.
order them from low importance to high importance
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.
personal
A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as _____
piece rate
A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______
piece rate
With ______, certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.
stock options
In terms of the goal-setting theory, what is necessary for employees to know if they are on the right track when working on a project?
Feedback
What is the modern way of designing jobs?
Fitting jobs to people
How does goal setting motivate employees?
Fostering employee use of action plans Regulating employee efforts Increasing employee persistence Directing employee attention
Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.
Job design
Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following?
Justice Fairness
What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?
Knowledge of actual results of the work Meaningfulness of work Responsibility for work outcomes
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Which statements about motivation are true?
Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.
How does McClelland view needs?
Needs are something we learn from our culture.
What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work? Instrumentality
Organizational justice
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Reinforcement theory
In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following?
Rewards Praise Pay
What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?
Specific Challenging Achievable
Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?
Task identity
What is true of people who are motivated by the need for achievement?
They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
Two-factor theory
Leslie likes working on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for ______.
achievement
Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ___
design
In expectancy theory, the expectation that successful performance of a task will lead to a desired outcome is called ______.
instrumentality
Jerry is confident in his ability to perform a new set of tasks, but he does not think he will be adequately rewarded for mastering the new knowledge. According to expectancy theory, he has low ______.
instrumentality
Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she will be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ______ element of the expectancy theory.
instrumentality
Brittani has worked long hours putting the finishing touches on a presentation to a major client, but she has a strong sense of self-satisfaction with her work and feels good about what she has accomplished. In terms of the model of motivation, this self-satisfaction would be categorized as ______.
intrinsic
The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ______ reward.
intrinsic
Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.
job design
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.
modification
The goal of an incentive compensation plan is to ______.
motivate employees to work harder for more money
In equity theory, people compare their ______.
ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs
According to equity and justice theories, organizational decisions ______.
should include input from the employees they will affect
according to equity and justice theories, organizational decisions ______.
should include input from the employees they will affect
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?
skill variety
A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a ______ goal.
stretch
Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.
task identity
Eisuke set several goals for his new hire, who, despite working diligently, failed to meet several of them. According to goal-setting theory, Eisuke should have remembered that setting goals is useful only if ______.
the goals are achievable
Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?
Autonomy Skill variety Task significance Feedback
Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?
Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.
What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?
Expectancy
Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?
Goals increase your persistence.
What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?
Herzberg's two-factor theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory McClelland's acquired needs theory
What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?
Herzberg's two-factor theory McClelland's acquired needs theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?
McClelland's acquired needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
What key ideas can be drawn from equity and justice theories?
Organizations should foster a climate for justice. Employees need a way to appeal decisions. As you got some questions wrong, you must ch
When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?
Outputs
what are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?
Performance to outcomes Effort to performance
Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?
Physiological
Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?
Process perspectives
What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?
Psychological states Work outcomes Core job characteristics
What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?
Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs Raise employee productivity Increase employee efficiency
Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Salary Working conditions
Using the job characteristics model, match the job characteristic (on the left) with its description (on the right).
Skill variety The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities Task identity matches ChoiceThe extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end Task significance matches ChoiceThe extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization Autonomy matches ChoiceThe extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them Feedback matches ChoiceThe extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job As you got some questions wrong, you must choose a resou
A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments given to the class would likely have low ______.
autonomy
Jobs with high ______ allow workers to set their own schedules and decide how to perform the necessary tasks.
autonomy
According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______.
continue their current behavior
Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.
design
What are the needs identified by McClelland as the basis for motivation?
eed for affiliation Need for achievement Need for power
The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?
employees are underutilized. Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.
Jasmine previously handled only accounts payable, but she now handles accounts receivable as well. This is an example of job _____
enlargement
To increase variety and motivate workers, Grant Industries increases the number of tasks in each job on the assembly line. This practice is known as job ___
enlargement
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction
hygiene factors
In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______
inputs
Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power.
insitutional
Which are principal perspectives on motivation?
job design content reinforcement process
Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
management
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.
motivation
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.
needs
Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.
personal and psychological development
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
two-factor
