Chs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, Presenting Results FINAL EXAM PSYCH 1B

In a research report you read the following statements: "Man has been confronted by the conundrum of nurture vs. nature since earliest times and he has yet to find sufficient empirically grounded answers." This statement uses sexist language "You are free to examine, interpret, and qualify the results, as well as to draw inferences from them." This statement refers to which part of an article? discussion a good introduction does not preview the results Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Which of the following statements does not conform to APA style? man's greatest achievement is to set foot on the moon. in a research report the word apparatus (as in apparatus section) refers to equipment used in the research in a research report or publication theoretical statements are are appropriate in the discussion section reviewing the references of an article can help me all other three answers are correct identify what the article is about identify the merit of an article find valuable related information tables or figures are used to appropriately summarize important results block quotes need to be used when quoting 40 or more words the title of a study should state the relationships examined and mention independent and dependent variable "The implications of the results for mankind...." is a statement using sexist language Which of the following illustrates the correct use of a quote within the text? Both examples given are correct Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect,' which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276) She stated, "The 'placebo effect' ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied. Which of the following is correct for the basic format of a nonperiodical reference? Author, A. A. (1994). Title of work. Location: Publisher. for electronic sources you must provide the data the information was retrieved together with name and/or address of source or the date and the database In a bibliography I include as many relevant citations as is feasible In case an online article is an exact duplicate of its print version, and you have only looked at the electronic version, then you need to do use which of the following reference formats? VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. In case you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed or that includes additional information, then which of the following reference formats is correct? VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/article abstracts are generally written last once the author(s) know what to summarize In writing your research report or article, which of the following is not important? multiple abstractivity and fancy English Which of the following statements is correct? this phenomenon is unusual. this datum is surprising Easy and appropriate ways to avoid sexist language include: all three other statements are correct using a plural construction using "one" and "he and she" using "he and she" which of the following statements is correct? All other three statements are correct She affected quite a smile. His effect on the audience was impressive. The effects she reported on children's affects were revelatory. Which of the following statements contains at least one error? all three other statements contain at least one error The data shows that the criterion were not implemented. The criteria presents a difficulty in finding an appropriate sample. the phenomena was astounding and led to the generation of many more data a well written methods section allows others to replicate the study In order to determine whether you really want to read an entire article you first consult the abstract, then maybe the references Which of the following references is correct? Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Which of the following is correct for the basic format of a periodical reference? Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title of article. Title of Periodical, XX, XXX - XXX. Which of the following is correct for the basic format of a part of a nonperiodical reference (e.g., book chapter)? Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1994). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx - xxx). Location: Publisher. The publication date you need to give for books is: (year). Which of the following is not a common activity of a critical article reader? Critically investigate the degree of an author If a work has been accepted for publication, but not yet printed, then you must do the following when listing its publication date: (in press). If a work has no publication date available, then you must to the following: (n.d.). In the results section of a published article we rarely see raw data or individual scores You are quoting from a non-PDF electronic source. Which of the following answers is correct? As Myers (2000, para 5) aptly phrased it, "positive emotions are both and - better to live fulfilled, with joy [and other positive emotions] - and a means to a more caring and healthy society." In a research report you read the following statements: "The subject resumed the procedure and then he commented on his fatigue." This statement uses the grammatical gender appropriately In a psychological article references are generally presented in APA style If you discard subjects in your research then this should be mentioned in the methods section Which of the following statements is true? All three other statements are true the methods and results are often written first research papers are often not written in the order they appear as publication the introduction section is often written last block quotes do not use double quotation marks at the beginning and end the word phenomenon is singular in writing a research report or article the discussion section is often the most difficult In writing an article or research report it is important that my writing is clear, succinct, and well organized which of the following references is correct? Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C.-R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, the proper listing for a reference to a book chapter is: Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. research results are not incontestable truths which of the following statements do not conform to APA style? Man's greatest achievement is to set foot on the moon. APA style requires me to list only those references cited in my research report the publication date you need to give for dailies and weeklies is : (year, month date). predictions of your results should be discussed in which sections of your research report? introduction you draw theoretical conclusions based on your findings in which section of the article? discussion section When I check whether an author's method actually tests the hypothesis I engage in mandatory critical thinking the voice of authority in the critical reading of an article should be disregarded an abstract states what was done to whom and summarizes the most important results An abstract should be a short paragraph of 120 words or less which of the following is not part of an abstract institutional affiliations which of the following statements is correct? his affect was not recorded. this data is surprising the criteria for obedience remain obscure the word "data" is plural "Thinking about alcohol addiction" as the title for a report of an experimental study is inappropriate and insufficient in providing publication information you must always provide location, state: publisher or major city, publisher. the publication date you need to give for meetings or monthly magazines, newsletters, and newspapers is (year, month). which of the following is correct for the basic format of an online document reference? Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source. which of the following are not important in presenting your results? all three other statements are not important Don't end with with a summary of the purpose Don't follow up on issues already pointed to in the introduction Simple listing of results with minimal comment It is important for your results section to avoid simply listing your statistical analyses and state findings in plain English first, then support them with data In evaluating an article it is always important to All three other statements are correct check for unanswered questions consider alternate explanations for the results check whether the method actually tests the hypothesis In critically evaluating an article it is helpful to consider how you would conduct research on the topic discussed and what additional studies would be useful It is important for your introduction that you lead the reader through the relevant research to set up your own research question. statistical analyses and graphs should always be presented with sufficient, clear commentary which of the following is correct for the basic format of an online periodical reference? Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, XX, XXX - XXX. Retrieved month day, year, from source. it is important in the introduction to show how your research fill an important gap in our knowledge which of the following is a correct reference for a motion picture? Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. Which of the following is a correct statement? All three other statements are correct This phenomenon is unusual. The criteria for sampling were not met. The data support our hypothesis.

PRESENTING RESULTS QUIZ

According to Cohen's conventions for effect size, how do you describe an effect size when d = 0.50? moderate ____________ is an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers quantify how well an experimental manipulation worked. a manipulation check What is the name for a variable that the experimenter holds constant on purpose? control variable Which of the following does NOT need to be considered as an alternative explanation of the results in a within-groups design experiment? selection effects Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all of the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups making sure that the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. What kind of design is Kathryn using? matched-groups Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new anti-anxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxious patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will receive his new medication and the other will receive a sugar pill. What is the second group called? placebo group In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. She finds that d = 1.53. What effect size is this? 0.8 and above = strong 0.5 = moderate, medium 0.2 = small, low In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the independent variable in this experiment? eyes/eyes used In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? distance out of alignment of the rods What is the name for the level of the independent variable that is intended to represent a neutral condition? control group Dr. Lonsbary's study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Her decision to include this step was done to address the study's construct validity Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr. Lonsbary's study? the d coefficient Order effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques? counterbalancing A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies ________ with the independent variable. systematically Which of the following is NOT true of selection effects? they are unimportant for interrogating internal validity Random selection enhances ________ and random assignment enhances ________. external validity, internal validity Random selection = external validity random assignment = internal validity Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality? having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of within-groups designs? these designs rely on fewer participants Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a: pilot study Which of the following should Dr. Lonsbary NOT conclude from her study? being in an angry mood likely has the same effect on memory as being in a sad mood Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? practice effects Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? selection effects How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study? three Given that Dr. Acitelli's participants have agreed to participate for three nights each, which type of counterbalancing should she use? partial counterbalancing Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish which of the following? construct validity When conducting an experiment, what is provided by the independent variable? a comparison group Which of the following is NOT true of control variables? they help define the control group Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? concurrent-measures design Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is NOT true of Dr. Kline's study? he does not have a dependent variable Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity? a manipulation check Dr. Acitelli studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether falling asleep in front of a television set causes people to fall asleep more slowly than falling asleep without watching TV. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants fall asleep in front of a television that is off. In the second condition (B), participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel. In the third condition (C), participants fall asleep in front of a television that is turned on to the same 24-hour news channel but is muted. With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep ... Which of the following designs is Dr. Acitelli using? repeated-measures design The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as power An independent-groups design is also known as a ________. between-subjects design Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? participant's mood Dr. Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which instead of asking participants to listen to music to induce mood, she has them write either a story about a character who just won the lottery or a story about a character who just experienced the death of their spouse. This change in the mood variable is designed to enhance the study's external validity Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Acitelli's study? six All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT it is less time-consuming for the participants Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? when you only have a few people in your study Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? number of words remembered Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design? to allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors What design is an experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once? posttest only __________ is a simple study that uses a separate group of participants that is generally completed before conducting the study of primary interest in order to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation. a pilot study Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem? counterbalancing In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. What is the independent variable in this experiment? role of the participant In an experiment, researchers manipulate one variable and measure another In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. How is the independent variable being manipulated in Tetiana's design? within-groups Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions — rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. What kind of design is she using? pretest/posttest In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. How does Theo control for selection effects? by using random assignment of participants In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? value selected for the mug What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study? independent-groups design Dr. Lonsbary's decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following? a selection effect Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Acitelli's study? six Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? matched-groups designs A more general term for practice effects and carryover effects is order effects Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality? noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies? internal validity What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs? the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to In Dr. Lonsbary's study, which of the following does NOT exist? a placebo group Which of the following is a NOT control variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? the mood of the participants Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment? all participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m. Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. What kind of design is this? repeated measures Dr. Acitelli was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? demand characteristics Which of these is NOT a potential drawback of a within-groups design? extraneous differences are held constant across conditions Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Since different groups need different amounts of time, the first 25 participants who arrive are assigned to the 10-minute group, the next 25 are assigned to the 5-minute group, and the final 25 are assigned to the 2-minute group. What confound does this create? selection effect

CHAPTER 10

Some internal validity threats can be addressed simply by including a comparison group, while other internal validity threats can occur even in studies with a comparison group. Which of the following threats to internal validity would be improved with the inclusion of a comparison group? maturation threats A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following? Situation noise To be a history threat, the external event must occur: Systematically, affecting most members of the group Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Which of the following things CANNOT be done to reduce measurement error? Using a pretest/pottest design Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study? regression Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? When one group has an extremely high score at pretest Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats? They can be avoided with counterbalancing. Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you NOT recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? using only one research assistant to code all of the videos Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as: Error variance Which of the following threats to internal validity CANNOT occur in just any study? History threats A decrease in participants' scores on a measure from pretest to posttest could suggest all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT? Attrition Which of the following studies would NOT have a possible threat of observer bias? A study looking at the relationship between college GPA and SAT scores Which of the following is NOT a reason that a study might yield a null result? Use of a within-subjects design Which of the following is NOT a reason a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study? to prevent attrition Which of the following things CANNOT be done to reduce the effect of individual differences? decrease power All of the following are true of ceiling and floor effects EXCEPT: They are only problematic in pretest/pottest designs Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a/an: ceiling effect A confound that keeps a researcher from finding a relationship between two variables is known as a/an: reverse confound Which of the following does NOT contribute to within-groups variability? ceiling effect Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design? A comparison group Which threat to internal validity occurs when there is a greater systematic loss of participants in one condition than the other condition? attrition Individual differences can contribute to too much within-group variability. Which of the following is NOT a possible solution to individual differences? Use a double-blind study Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you NOT recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? Using only one research assistant to code all the videos As part of an experiment on the effects of behavior modeling, a set of raters are evaluating the prosocial behavior in a series of videotapes of a class of preschoolers. Initially, the raters were quite strict in their ratings, but after three hours of rating, their criteria had changed. What type of threat to internal validity has occurred? instrumentation Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She plans to measure the vocabulary size of a group of 18-month-olds, read to them three times a week for three months, then measure their vocabulary size again. What threat to internal validity should she be most concerned about? maturation On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. When Professor Mutola rechecks her data, she finds that the five students with the lowest scores on the first exam have dropped the class. What threat to internal validity is this? attrition Lucia is interested in studying discrimination in hiring. She designs an experiment in which the participant takes the role of an employer looking at job candidates for a specific position. Each participant is given two very similar resumés—one of a candidate with a female name and one of a candidate with a male name—and is then asked to rate the suitability of each candidate for a job. Lucia finds no difference in participants' ratings of male and female candidates. What threat to internal validity should she be concerned about? demand characteristics Dr. Deveraux has conducted a study that has resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be to blame? Too many participants Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? A weak manipulation Which of the following aspects of Dr. Schulenberg's study allows him to prevent observer bias? Ensuring the person grading the exams is unaware of each student's writing group RESEARCH STUDY 11.1 In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Refer to Research Study 11.1 to answer the following five questions. Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity? The final exam scores were equally low in both groups. The study described above is an example of which of the following? A double-blind study Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following? Demand characteristics Dr. Harrison wants to test the effectiveness of the support group he runs for undergraduates who have drinking problems. He recruits a group of students who have been referred to the counseling center. He randomizes them to two groups — a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group attends 10 structured support group sessions at 8:00 a.m. on Fridays that are facilitated by Dr. Harrison. The control group attends 10 unstructured meetings at 3:00 p.m. on Wednesdays that are facilitated by members of the group. Several of the participants in the treatment group stop attending the group after just a couple of sessions. All of the control group members attend their group regularly. At the end of the 10 weeks of groups, Dr. Harrison measures drinking behavior of the people who are still attending the groups. He finds that the drinking behavior of people who attended all 10 of the structured group sessions is less than the drinking behavior of people who attended all 10 of the unstructured group sessions. What kind of threat to internal validity should Dr. Harrison be concerned about? selection-attrition threat RESEARCH STUDY 11.2 Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch, using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again, using the bomb calorimeter). Refer to Research Study 11.2 to answer the following four questions. Which of the following threats to internal validity will Dr. Bloedorn NOT be worried about? Testing effect The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity? Placebo effects The addition of a control group that does not use the drink additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity? History

CHAPTER 11

What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? plagiarism Deception in a psychology experiments ______________. is sometimes ethical if there is no other way to study a certain phenomenon, researchers minimize the potential for the participants to be distressed by the deception, and researchers fully debrief the participant after the study A researcher suggests to potential study participants that if they do not participate they will suffer negative consequences. This undue influence is called ____________. coercion Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might include debriefing in their study? it prevents researchers from being sued A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as ________. an IACUC Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study IS AN EXAMPLE OF COERCION: 1. a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study 2. a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate 3. a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants. Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? by debriefing each participant in a structured conversation In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained Which of the following is NOT an example of information researchers must be careful to protect to ensure research participants' confidentiality? answers to a completely anonymous questionnaire YES AN EXAMPLE: 1. participants' dates of birth 2. handwriting samples from participants 3. photographs of participants Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT: the possibility of additional grant funding TRUE 1. bad experiences of other researchers 2. changing social norms 3. scientific discoveries What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? ... Which of the following is NOT a required member of an institutional review board (IRB)? the researcher whose study is under review TRUE FACTS OF IRB 1. they are mandated by federal law 2. they must have at least five members 3. they can be found in settings other than colleges and universities All of the following are true of IRBs in the United States EXCEPT: they must have a psychologist as a member Which of the following groups is NOT recognized in the Belmont Report as entitled to special protection? veterans According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? People with Down's syndrome Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? A journal might require it. Which of the following is NOT one of the three R's provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? restoration Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? justice Which of the following has NOT been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? Animal research requires less research funding than human research. The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards. 5, 10 The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? the principle of justice The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? principle of beneficence The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? the principle of beneficence The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? Syphillis Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? participants were not treated by actual doctors Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of ethical violations that occurred in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? the investigators fabricated data Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. The students are not aware that they were participating in the study until the end of the quarter. What standard of Ethical Standard 8 does this violate? informed consent to research Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? institutional approval When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus? internal validity Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)? because r always looks for the test straight line to fit the data Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? Internal reliability There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. Upon receiving IRB approval, Dr. Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kline with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? data fabrication Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? A prisoner advocate Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. Dr. Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kline recruit for his study? Students from a community college Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? fidelity and reponsibility Dr. Sanders conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people listening to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Dr. Sanders threw out the data from several participants who reported being very happy while listening to country music because he thought that they weren't being honest. Dr. Sanders has committed what kind of ethical violation? data falsification Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? the principle of respect for persons Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kline's study? he does need to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? respect for people's rights and dignity Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? reporting of research results Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Some of the children assigned to play the violent video games begin acting out at school and get suspended. Which part of the Belmont Report and APA Ethical Standard 8 was violated when the researcher didn't consider this possible harm to participants in planning the study? beneficence and nonmaleficence Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Which of the Belmont Report Principles is violated by the choice of participants? principle of justice RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. ... Dr. Kline plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? deception through commission Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? the principle of justice Dr. Kline's IRB requires him to obtain written informed consent. Which of the following does Dr. Kline NOT need to include in his informed consent document? a description of the study's hypothesis IS NEEDED TO BE INCLUDED: 1. everyday language 2. a list of procedures 3. a statement of risks

CHAPTER 4

Which of the following is an example of a physiological measure? skin conductance Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? Number of panic attacks a patient reports What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? If a measure is valid, it is also reliable Face validity refers to whether or not the measure appears to measure what it is suppose to measure If a measure is reliable, then you should find a high positive correlation coefficient between scores on the measure. Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month In alternate forms reliability, different versions of the ame test are given to _____ at _____ in time. the same individuals at two points in time Which statistic is used to represent the internal reliability of multiple-item self-report scales? Cronbach's alpha A measure has criterion-oriented validity to the extent that it enables one to make correct predictions about behavior _____ and ______ reliability measure the same individuals at two points in time. test-retest and alternate forms Which of the following would NOT be considered an operational definition of memory? a cognitive process to retain and restore past information Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable? declared major in college Any measure can be thought of as comprising two components. These components are true score and error When using a measure to assess a trait that is expected to remain stable over time, a researcher would expect to get consistent results each time the measure is used. This type of reliability is known as which of the following? test-retest What information can you learn from a scatterplot that you cannot learn from the correlation coefficient? the values for each pair of measurements Every test score is thought to have two components. In a score from a reliable test, which component should be relatively low? measurement error Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: cancel out measurement error. A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and atmosphere. She assigns 4 forks for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 fork for poor. This measure is an example of a(n) _____ scale. ordinal A researcher has developed a measure of a person's ability to detect colors. He finds the measure is not related to a person's spelling ability. This finding would illustrate what type of validity? discriminant validity An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? r = -0.18 Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of implusivity Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. Convergent validity Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The results were compared to the results of another widely used test of motor dexterity, the finger-tapping task, in which participants tap their index fingers as many times as possible in 10 seconds. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between the finger-tapping task and the coin rotation task (r = -.40). What would a scatterplot of these results (coin rotation scores on the x-axis, finger-tapping scores on the y-axis) look like? the cloud of points would slope downwards from left to right Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Research participants' results on the coin rotation task are compared with their results on two widely used tests of motor dexterity: the finger-tapping task and the Grooved Pegboard task. What empirical way of assessing construct validity is being used? convergent validity Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a measure of religiosity Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Research participants' results on the coin rotation task are compared with their results on a test of grip strength — a measure of another construct: global upper-extremity strength. The correlation between the coin rotation task and the grip strength task were found to be not statistically significant. This comparison provides support for which type of measurement validity? divergent validity Categorizing automobiles as American made or Foreign made would be an example of a(n) _____ scale nominal The Department of Motor Vehicles receives a complaint that some of their employees who administer the road test pass a much higher percentage of test-takers than other employees. In this example, what aspect of the road test is being questioned? the interrater reliability of the road test Categorizing automobiles as American made or Foreign made would be an example of a(n) _____ scale. nominal Richard and Jacqueline are movie reviewers for the local newspaper. Both have just watched the same movie. Both assign the movie 5 out of 5 stars. Based on their ratings, we might conclude that there is high interater reliability Some colleges no longer require the SAT I or the ACT tests, instead basing their admissions on other factors, such as high school GPA. A large reason that they have done this is that they have found a low correlation between the scores on the tests and the students' freshman year GPA. In other words, they were concerned that college entrance exams lacked which type of validity? criterion validity In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using? observational measures Georgina graduated as valedictorian of her high school class because of her class ranking. What type of scale is used for the quantitative variable of class ranking? ordinal scale Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence and has designed a self-report scale that is meant to assess men's negative attitudes toward women. To validate her scale, she administers it to two groups of recently incarcerated male prisoners: prisoners convicted of domestic violence and prisoners convicted of other crimes. Dr. Kamran finds a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. What technique is Dr. Kamran using to validate her scale? known-groups paradigm Professor Morgan questions whether the ratings he receives from his students on teaching effectiveness indicate how much the students learn in his class or whether they are just a reflection of how much his students like him. What aspect of the ratings is he questioning? the measurement validity of the ratings Sun Mi is designing a questionnaire on loneliness. She is concerned that some features of loneliness are similar to depression and to low self-esteem. What type of validity does she need to show to demonstrate that her questionnaire assesses loneliness and not depression or low self-esteem? discriminant validity Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. First, Lorenzo administers a questionnaire to the children that asks them about their feelings of aggression. Then Lorenzo and his lab partner observe the children while they play and record instances of aggression. What type of measure is the questionnaire? self-report Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. First, Lorenzo administers a questionnaire to the children that asks them about their feelings of aggression. Then Lorenzo and his lab partner observe the children while they play and record instances of aggression. The results of these two parts of the study are compared. The total number of instances of aggression for each child is used as the measure in the observational part of the study. What type of quantitative variable is this? ratio scale Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. First, Lorenzo administers a questionnaire to the children that asks them about their feelings of aggression. Then Lorenzo and his lab partner observe the children while they play and record instances of aggression. The results of these two parts of the study are compared. Lorenzo runs a statistical test to find how consistent the responses are to different wordings of items on the questionnaire. What type of reliability is he examining? internal Dr. Johnson wants to do a study to investigate whether the physiological measure, heart rate variability, varies over time or whether it is a trait that stays stable within the same person over time. He records participants' heart rate variability once at the beginning of the semester and once at the end of the semester. He finds a high positive correlation (r = .65) between the first and second time points. What type of reliability is he examining? test-retest Dr. Johnson wants to do a study to investigate whether the physiological measure, heart rate variability, varies over time or whether it is a trait that stays stable within the same person over time. He records participants' heart rate variability once at the beginning of the semester and once at the end of the semester. He finds a high positive correlation (r = .55) between the first and second time points. What would a scatterplot of these results (heart rate variability at the beginning of the semester on the x-axis, heart rate variability at the end of the semester on the y-axis) look like? the cloud of points would slope upward from left to right Josiane has found an online test that claims to measure IQ. It consists of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. She is concerned that it doesn't include any tests of other things that are part of IQ, such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability. Which type of validity is she questioning? content validity Julie has developed an intervention to improve the relationship between parents and pre-school-aged children. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of her intervention, Julie video records the parents interacting with their children at the end of the study. She has two research assistants watch the videos and rate the level of warmth in the interaction. Julie then correlates the ratings of the raters. She finds a high positive correlation (r = .87) between the two raters. What type of reliability is she examining? interrater Julie has developed an intervention to improve the relationship between parents and pre-school-aged children. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of her intervention, Julie video records the parents interacting with their children at the end of the study. She has two research assistants watch the videos and rate the level of warmth in the interaction. Julie then correlates the ratings of the raters. She finds a high positive correlation (r = .87) between the two raters. What would a scatterplot of these results (ratings by the first research assistant on the x-axis, ratings of the second research assistant on the y-axis) look like? the clouds of points would slope upwards from left to right

CHAPTER 5

Which of the following describes a fence-sitting response to a survey? responding to a controversial question on a survey by selecting the response right in the middle Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. Which of the following is NOT a way to control for socially desirable responding? remove the neutral option from the survey so that a person must choose one side or the other Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Which of the following is true about open-ended questions? They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded. Is it ethical for psychological researchers to observe people in a public place? Yes, because in those settings people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private All of the following can decrease accurate responses EXCEPT: Reverse-worded questions When people are asked why they made a certain choice, they ______________. will tell you why they think they made that choice, but they may not be accurate at identifying the true reason for their choice Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? fence sitting Why are double-barreled questions problematic? They may have poor construct validity. How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts? They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully. Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which of the following would be an example of an open-ended question? What computer games have you played? Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with: Observer bias Another word for observer effects is: Expectancy effects All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT: Observational measures cannot be used in making casual claims Professor Meyer gives the students in his class a mid-semester feedback survey asking them how stressed out they are by the assignments in his class. The majority of his class report that they feel "extremely stressed." What might explain this? faking bad Which of the following is a method to control for observer bias? used a masked or blind study design Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which is a forced-choice question? Which is truer of you? a) I have little interest in computer games or b) I would miss computer games if I couldn't play anymore. Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people's attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following? fence sitting The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. Initially, the observers can't agree about what is dangerous behavior. Professor Ibrahim refines his codebooks to clearly define the rating scales and retrains the observers. What is he addressing by doing this? the reliability of the measurement The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. Both observers are very interested in the topic because they have been struck by bicycles. Although the interrater reliability is high, what threat to construct validity should concern Professor Ibrahim? observer bias The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. After completing the observational study, Professor Ibrahim sends a survey out to the entire campus about bicycle safety, and asks all bicyclists to respond. He finds a large difference between their reports of how safely they ride and what his observers found. What is the most likely cause of the self-report ratings being inconsistent with the observational data? The bicyclists were probably responding in a socially desirable way on the self-report survey. The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. When the observations began, the observers noticed that bicyclists slowed down when they neared the observers. How could this reactivity be avoided? The observers could make unobtrusive observations by hiding Jenny recently learned of plans to cut down an old beautiful tree on her campus to make way for a new bike path. Jenny is opposed to cutting down the tree, and she decides to survey some students at her university to see if others also oppose cutting down the tree. She plans to share the results of her survey with the school administration to argue to keep the tree. One question on Jenny's survey asks, "Do you oppose not cutting down this tree?" A problem with this question is that it is a _____________. negatively worded question Jenny recently learned of plans to cut down an old beautiful tree on her campus to make way for a new bike path. Jenny is opposed to cutting down the tree, and she decides to survey some students at her university to see if others also oppose cutting down the tree. She plans to share the results of her survey with the school administration to argue to keep the tree. One question on Jenny's survey asks, "Would you be in favor of brutally cutting down this majestic tree to make way for a stupid bike path?" A problem with this question is that it is a _______________. leading question Jenny recently learned of plans to cut down an old beautiful tree on her campus to make way for a new bike path. Jenny is opposed to cutting down the tree, and she decides to survey some students at her university to see if others also oppose cutting down the tree. She plans to share the results of her survey with the school administration to argue to keep the tree. One question on Jenny's survey asks, "Would you be in favor of brutally cutting down this majestic tree to make way for a stupid bike path?" How could this question be changed to improve its construct validity? use more neutral language so that it is not a leading question Judy writes a survey to assess how much people worry. Her survey has 20 questions that people can rate their level of agreement to on a seven-point Likert scale. All of the questions are worded so that higher responses will indicate a higher level of worry. After having 100 people complete her survey, she finds that a lot of respondents often respond to all of the questions by choosing only the "strongly agree" option. How could she improve the construct validity of her survey? She could include reverse-worded items Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT: Fence sitting A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Observer effects Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? Using scales with an even number of response options In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? It is a double-barreled question. In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question? It has a double negative. RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a Likert scale? Question B RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question? Question C RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? Question A RESEARCH STUDY 6.1 Professor Kramer creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: Refer to Research Study 6.1 to answer the following four questions. Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a semantic differential scale? Question D RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option? A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey questions How well it is worded RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Imagine that Dr. Ewell calculates an ICC for his two raters. Which of the following would be the best value for Dr. Ewell to find? 0.89 RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children in the park. Which of the following is true? He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following is another term for response sets? Nondifferentiation RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? Using multiple observers RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Observer bias relates mainly to ________ whereas observer effects stem from ________. Researchers; participants. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? Reactivity RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following is a poll likely to measure? A person's opinions about a healthcare law RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: Reactivity RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? "Have you ever hit your relationship partner?" RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Why would most psychologists have no problem with the ethics of Dr. Ewell's study? People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias? A codebook RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ________ of their measures. Interrater reliability RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: Unobtrusive observation RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "People who think a lot are really lame." What is the problem with this question? It is a leading question RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions? The answers must be coded RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Which of the following is true of interrater reliability? It is measured with an ICC. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing RESEARCH STUDY 6.2 Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Refer to Research Study 6.2 to answer the following eight questions. The construct validity of observations can be threatened by all of the following EXCEPT: Socially desirable

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Which type of validity is typically not relevant to association claims? internal In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? When the study has life-or-death implications If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ________. Restriction of range Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim? Is random assignment affecting the findings? Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made? The fact that the two variables are measured Statistical significance depends on which of the following? Sample size and effect size Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing? It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? a difference in the height between the bars When is an outlier most likely to be problematic? when the sample size is small and the outlier is extreme on both variables All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used? a scatterplot Which of the following is true of moderators? They can inform external validity What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. Which of the following is NOT a way that a researcher might indicate a statistically significant result in a journal article? a notation of p = .20 Professor Schwartz does a study that examines the relationship between time spent at a shopping mall and happiness. She finds that for women, the more time in the mall is associated with higher levels of happiness. She finds that for men, the more time in the mall is associated with lower levels of happiness. What is the moderator in this relationship? gender Dr. Stevens wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. He selects a sample of American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic Games as his research subjects. Dr. Stevens finds no relationship between BMI and depression. What is one problem with his research design that could have kept him from finding a relationship between those variables? There is a restriction of range problem. Nesta is making a scatterplot of the digit spans (how many numbers you can remember and repeat back) for his psychology class, with the spans for digits the students hear on one axis and the span for digits the students read on the other. The association is strong, but he notices that one student has a visual digit span that is twice as long as anyone else. What statistical validity question is he raising? Could outliers be affecting the relationship? Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28 and that p0.001. What does this mean? It is very unlikely that this association was found in the sample when, in the full population, there is really no association. To look at the relationship between reaction time and level of expertise in tennis, experts and non-experts are compared. Which of the following would be the most appropriate, easiest way to evaluate the relationship between these variables? t test and a bar graph Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. The parents' ratings of likelihood of yielding to temptation correlated with the preschool waiting time measurement at r = -0.50. How would this effect size be described according to Cohen's benchmarks? strong Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relation between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Can a causal relationship be inferred? No, because internal validity was not established RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Oswald have looked for this difference? To examine her study's external validity RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. In evaluating Dr. Oswald's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking? How reliable is the measure of daily stress? RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald's study to consider? The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine? Number of friends one has experience of daily stress RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Matt, Dr. Oswald's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? The covariance of cause and effect RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. In determining whether the relationship between two of her variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? Sample size and effect size RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Considering Dr. Oswald's study, her results could most safely be generalized to which of the groups below? Elderly people RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in which of the following? Spurious associations due to subgroups RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. The "not sig." in Dr. Oswald's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: Effect size could not be calculated RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Oswald draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction, based on her statistical analyses? The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4% RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a/an: Moderator RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true? These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size

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