CHS 725 Final Exam

Other Acts

2008 - consumer product safety improvement act - bans toys & children's products with phthalates 1989 - Montreal protocol - ban of substances that deplete ozone layer

Identify the trend of the relative share of different solid waste treatments (landfill, recycle, etc.) in the US over the past decades

4.4 lbs daily per capita Until 2000s, per capita was increasing, after, less being generated

Describe how detrimental phenomena caused by air pollution (e.g. acid rain, photochemical smog, etc.) are formed: Acid Rain

Acid Rain: Precipitation of acid compounds formed from reactions of SO2 and NOx with water, oxygen & oxidants - Associated with coal-fired power plants Acid deposition in soil and water bodies

Non-Point Source: Indirect Discharge

Agricultural: - fertilizer & manure run off Construction: - Urban street run off Pollution discharges over large areas: - examples include acid mine drainage/abandoned coal mines - acid rainfall or airborne contaminants - Agricultural run-off - Farm land run off - CAFO manure run-off - chemical fertilizer/pesticides run-off - Construction run-off/urban street run-off

Airborne

Airborne: Pathogens that can travel long distances; attach to aerosols, carries by air current (measles, TB)

Allergies

Allergies: Allergies are when antibodies in response to allergens concentrate in the respiratory tract either the upper or lower airway in upper respiratory tract. False alarm for immune system. Allergic Rhinitis: Relatively mild symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes.

Identify types of ionizing radiation and their characteristics Alpha

Alpha -2 protons, 2 neutrons - Massive, least penetrating can be stopped by piece of paper - Most energetic? - Enters through ingestion, inhalation, through cut or wound: localized tissue damage

Climate change: general characteristics and putative health effects

Anthropogenic causes of CO2 increasing global CO2 concentrations - 1 ton coal burned=3 tons of CO2 Accumulation of greenhouse gases prevent heat and infrared radiation from escaping the planet's surface causing warming of earth. Global carbon cycle: adds CO2 from combustion to existing carbon in atmosphere from other, natural sources

Assessment of PEL and REL

Assess 8 hour TWA, STEL and ceiling levels and make the judgement of whether the workplace complies with regulations or not when given the necessary information.

Asthma

Asthma: In lower respiratory tract Sudden muscle constriction of the bronchi that reduces diameter and air flow to and from lungs A chronic illness with acute flare ups - asthma attacks Triggers: air pollution, dust mites, tobacco smoke, mold, pets Reduced air capacity

Describe why the built environment is an important area of environmental health

Because we spend about 90% of our time indoors

Beta

Beta: -Single electron - smaller, less energetic - more penetrating, can penetrate about 1/2 inch through skin

Different Types of Vectors Biological Vector

Biological Vector: Living organism and a host that can transmit disease to another host Mosquito (WNV, Dengue) Tick (Lyme) - Arbovirus: when arthropods transmit disease to a larger animal by taking a blood meal Vectorborne transmission can involve more than one host

Mechanism of Immune System

Body's defense against pathogens - once pathogen enters the body, body produces antibodies to attack the antigen (foreign substance, not necessarily a pathogen) - body's reaction: fever, tiredness, sneezing - if body fights off antigen: usually immunity for life - If antigen wins: host gets the disease but body still tries to fight it off.

Communicable Disease

CD transmission is high in low-income countries - herd immunity is lower - lack of infrastructure and education CD transmission is low in high-income countries - High levels of herd immunity - Heart disease and stroke are main killers

Describe the agents of water disinfection and possible byproducts

Cl, O3, Br, I, UV - Cl: if cl combines with organic matter it can create chloroform: higher risk of bladder cancer

CWA

Clean Water Act (1972 amendment) -addresses industrial pollution & municipal sewage waste -In response to Cuyahoga River fires which was from petroleum/byproducts from industries in Cleveland, Ohio -Federal standards for 126 priority pollutants (metals & synthetic compounds) -National pollution discharge elimination system (NPDES) permits - Goal: fish swimmable water quality (subjective, unclear language) - Requires permits for water discharges & use of "best available technology" -States set these standards

Close Contact

Close Contact: Exchange of fluids, cough/sneeze, handshake, saliva, sexual contact

Understand how different types of common fossil fuels are extracted and the risks associated with them: COAL

Coal: Surface or strip mining: destruction of landscape (MTM Removal), acid mine drainage Risks: Underground mining - respiratory effects, fibrosis, pneumoconiosis, silicosis, black lung

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act -In Response to Love Canal, Hooker Chemical dumped 22,00 tons of chemical waste in 1950's. -Public outcry for legislative changes -SARA: superfund amendment & liability act (1986) -superfunds to clean up man made EH disasters WITH A FOCUS ON GROUND CONTAMINATION -Owner/responsible party liable for assessment & clean up. Gov pays if no other party (superfund) but gov't doesn't compensate people for damages -Carson River mercury site - mining

Understand the basic types of epidemiology studies and possible limitations

Cross sectional: subjects at one point in time - Limitation: temporal (exposure may not necessarily precede outcome) - Population may already have cancer before measurement of outcome Case control study: subjects selected according to disease status - Lung cancer cases (cases), and no lung cancer (control) - Disease versus non-disease - Compared for frequency of exposure (all other things equal: age/race) - Are the lung cancer cases more likely than the controls to have smoked Cohort study: subjects selected according to exposure status - Exposed versus non-exposed - Ex: a study of smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer - Other things being equal, are the smokers more likely than the nonsmokers to be diagnosed with lung cancer? Case control versus cohort - Case control begins by selecting their subjects based on if they have the disease or not, cohort study begins with subjects who are either exposed or unexposed and then measures the outcome of disease or no disease for both groups

Describe how natural disasters effect public health

Describe how natural disasters effect public health Earthquake, tornado, flood, hurricane, tsunami, fire - massive increase in mechanical hazards: falling debris - Destroys homes: loss of shelter when its potentially cold or hot - Loss of electricity: no basic public services - increased exposure to chemical/pathogens - toxic waste sites flooded during Hurricane Harvey - Flooded sewage systems - Hospitals unavailable - Epidemiological spread of disease surrounding a natural disaster

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class CO

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: CO: Byproduct of fossil fuel combustion - motor vehicles - tobacco smoke - Small engines - Industrial processes/incinerators - Health effects: - binds to hemoglobin - impairs ability to deliver oxygen - severe reactions in heart disease patients - slows down mental processes and reaction time

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: NOx

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: NOx: nitrogen oxides: byproducts of combustion of high temp fossil fuels; brownish gas, contributes to ozone and acid rain formation - motor vehicles -power plants

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: Particles

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: Particles: Particulate Matter (PM) Dust, soot, pollen or other solids or liquids suspended and moved with air Sources: - Fuel combustion - Incineration - Industrial activities - Nature Health Effects: - Eye, nose throat irritant - bronchitis, asthma exacerbation - Pulmonary effects - Oxidative stress - Heart Attack - Inflammation - Cancer - Constituents (metals) may be carcinogenic

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: SO2

Describe the characteristics, health effects, and major sources of common air pollutants covered in class: SO2: Sulfur dioxides: Burning fossil fuels that contain sulfur (oil/coal) - power plants - paper mills - Furnaces and boilers - alteration to lung defenses - permanent damage to lungs - EH effects - Forms acid aerosols and sulfuric acid - Acidification of lakes and streams - Stunted plant growth - accelerated corrosion of buildings - reduced visibility

IPM: Integrated Pest Management

Developed in response to obvious problems stemming from indiscriminate chemical use. Combines natural controls with prudent use of pesticides. - natural enemies: predators of pests and agents - Ex: lady bugs used to kill aphids in garden - microbial pesticides - Ex: bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc -sex attractants to lure predators of pests - synthetic pheromones are used to attract target pest to a trap or bring a beneficial predator to area of pest infestation. -Insect growth regulators - like EDCs - mimics natural growth substances - disrupt life cycle when introduced at proper stage -Cabbage lookper and Bacillus thuringiensis (BT): - cabbage leaf surfaces sprayed with mist of BT when actively feeding caterpillars are present - feed on BT covered leaves. - Toxin quickly binds to specific receptors in the gut wall, and caterpillar stops feeding - Within hours, gut wall breaks down, BT spores and normal gut bacteria enter body cavity, kills caterpillar (24-48 hours) - crops can be modified to naturally make BTs so we don't have to spray, second green revolution?

Identify the relative importance of common radiation sources in terms of total average exposure

Estimated whole-body exposure in US from all sources - Annual - 3.6 mSv (0.0036 Sv) - Daily - 0.01 mSv (0.00001 Sv) Potential sources include: - Radon inhalation is the greatest single natural exposure source to ionizing radiation - Cosmic radiation - the sun is a giant nearby reactor - Greatest source of human exposure to broad-spectrum ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the sun

Understand the basic concepts of exposure and toxicity and their roles in risk assessment

Exposure: contact with human envelope Toxicity: fate and transport of toxins in the body Epidemiology: a quantitative research method for the study of the distribution and determinants of health outcomes in human populations - Draws on toxicology and exposure assessment Risk assessment: evaluate and integrate info on exposure to estimate real world public health risk of hazard Exposure assessment: estimation of exposure in population of concern to chemical of concern - Mg/(kg*day) Dose-response assessment quantitative estimate of relationship between dose and effect Carcinogens have no threshold Non-cancer effects have thresholds NOAEL LOAEL

External Radiation Exposure

External exposure occurs when all or part of the body is exposed to a penetrating radiation field from an external source. During exposure this radiation can be absorbed by the body or it can pass completely through, similar to a chest x-ray. Note that exposure to a radiation field does not cause an individual to become radioactive; the radiation exposure ceases as soon as the individual leaves the radiation field. All ionizing radiation sources produce an external radiation field. However, some fields are so small they pose no external radiation risk at all. Examples include these low and moderate energy beta radiation emitters: • H-3 • C-14 • Ni-63 • P-33 • S-35 Other sources of ionizing radiation produce much higher energy external radiation fields, and care must be taken to shield the source and to monitor exposure while working near these sources. Examples include: • Am-241/Be neutron sources • P-32 beta sources • Cs-137 gamma sources • Co-60 gamma sources • X-ray machines (only when the machine is energized)

Fecal-Oral

Fecal Oral: Feces into water, soil, etc

Describe Specific Contaminants From Large Scale Ag Production that Affect Water Quality Fertilizers (Nitrate)

Fertilizers (nitrate) - highly soluble in groundwater and readily taken by plants -Ag run off leads to ingestion of contaminated groundwater leads to conversion to nitrates which transform hemoglobin and reduce ability to carry oxygen. -can get into water supply and lower oxygen in water causing die off and harmful algal blooms.

Different Types of Vectors Fomites

Fomites: Inanimate object (door knob, child's toy, handkerchief) capable of transmitting disease

Understand How Food is Regulated US FDA

Food Defects Action Levels (US FDA) - specifies limits of contamination allowable - if exceeded, legal action taken to remove product from market - Ex: tomatoes, canned: drosophila fly peanut butter: Insect filth, rodent filth, grit corn, canned: insect larvae, corn ear worms,

Foodborne

Foodborne: Any infectious illness transmitted thru food - contaminated by water, soil, housefly - pathogen multiplication - Lag phase when bacteria establishes itself in the new environment - Log phase (exponential phase) when they multiply logarithmically (exponentially) - stationary phase when the population of the bacteria reaches a balance with the environment; saturated environment - S shaped curve graph (lag, log, stationary)

Understand the basics of nuclear fuel cycle: 'Front end' versus 'back-end'

Front end: creation of fuel from mining Ur for nuclear power production - Waste before from mining and milling and enrichment uranium ore, yellowcake , enriched uranium resp. Back end: disposal, reprocessing

Describe GMO

GMO: Genetically modified organism - Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using gene-transfer techniques - Rationale: increase global food supply - Features: crops that resist disease, repel pests, ripen faster, elevated specific nutrition Concerns: - long term ecological impacts of GMO food plants is not easily predicted - allergic reactions: if you take genes from peanuts and put into an apple for specific benefits, might bring over protein that causes people to be allergic and have reaction by just eating apple. - unwanted spread of genes - GMO spread to the wild and disrupt ecosystem - antibiotic resistance gene - silos and human gut - resilience to EH, but if spread to wild, they may perform better than native species and outperform them.

Gamma

Gamma -Most energy, most penetrating - Pass thru body and cause tissue damage - stopped by inches and lead/feet of concentration -Often accompany beta particles

Understand How Food is Regulated HACCP

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point - evidence based approach for reducing foodborne illness risk -foods monitored from the time of harvest to time of consumption - Increasing acceptance throughout food industry - Seven steps 1. Analyze hazards 2. Determine critical control points 3. Establish limits for CCP 4. Establish monitoring procedures for CCPs 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish verification procedures 7. Establish a record system -pros: systematic, evidence based approach and can be more effective than poke and sniff - cons: inspectors evaluate industry's HACCP system rather than inspecting food itself. Also, industry monitors/policies itself.

Herd Immunity

Herd immunity: - practical protection experienced by a community when enough people in the community can't pass on or become infected by disease - infection cycle is broken (antigen stopped) - Diseases can potentially be eradicated if enough people are immune -Benefit of IZ

Host

Human body and other large animals can be host to many microorgansims

Infection

Infection: A microorganism can invade tissues and cause inflammation (campy, listeria, etc)

Key Officials in Ensuring Food Safety

Inspectors: - Animal (pre and post slaughter): bacterial growth, sick - Consumer safety: works in processing plant, ensures compliance, HACCP - Health: restaurants Epidemiologists: - monitors disease, bacteria in food Microbiologist: - Test bacteria in food Health Educators: - Wash hands, cook meat thoroughly, etc.

Identify which chemicals covered in class are intentionally manufactured (or were if now banned) and which are simply by-products

Intentional o Organic solvents: dissolve other substances Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene TCE, PCE, TCA o Phthalate Plasticizers/BPA: plasticizers, increase flexibility, durability, transparency of plastics o Persistent toxic substances PCBs PBDEs PFCs PFOA, PFOS o Ozone depleting chemicals CFCs Unintentional o Dioxin/furans TCDD

For those intentionally manufactured, identify their common use

Intentional: o Organic solvents: dissolve other substances; paint thinner Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene TCE, PCE, TCA o Phthalate Plasticizers/BPA: used in plastics; water bottles, baby bottles, medical devices, impact-resistant safety equipment o Persistent toxic substances PCBs: coolants in transformers, plasticizer in carbon copy paper PBDEs: Flame retardants in fabrics and foams PFCs: manufacture of water and stain resistant coatings o Ozone depleting chemicals CFCs: refrigerants, aerosol, propellants, blowing agents

Internal Radiation Exposure

Internal The other type of radiation injury involves contamination with radioactive material. Contamination means that radioactive material in the form of gases, liquids, or solids are released into the environment and contaminate people externally (such as on the skin), internally (such as by ingestion), or both. Contamination by radioactive material can lead to incorporation of radioactive material into the body. This can be the result of uptake of radioactive material by body cells, tissues, and target organs such as bone, liver, thyroid, or kidney. In general, radioactive materials are distributed throughout the body based upon their chemical properties. For example, radioiodine, such as 125I, is concentrated in the thyroid gland of the body, just as non-radioactive iodine does. All radioisotopes are potentially hazardous if inhaled or ingested. This includes low energy isotopes such as 3H and 14C. Frequent monitoring for contamination is necessary when working with any unsealed isotopes, and periodic leak tests are conducted for sealed sources (usually every 6 months). X-ray machines contain no radioactive material, and thus pose no threat of contamination even when energized. When energized, an x-ray machine is a source of external radiation exposure.

Intoxication

Intoxication: Pathogenic microorganism produces a toxin that is resistant to heat-killing/freezing and even if pathogen is killed (cooking), the toxin remains present in food, gets ingested, and can cause illness (staph, E.coli) Some pathogens in food can produce a toxin. Ex: aflatoxins. - produced by certain molds when staple foods improperly stored. - Carcinogenic, stunted child growth, hepatic necrosis

Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing Radiation: Particles or rays that are sufficiently energetic enough to dislodge electrons (ions) from atoms or molecules - Destroys chemical bonds - In organisms can lead to mutations, birth defects, cancer, death

Key features of producing food

Key features include: -monocultures: fewer crop varieties -heavy reliance on: - fertilizers and chemicals - fossil fuels (to run farm machinery & to make fertilizers) - ground water: ex: great plains (Ogallala Aquifer - world's largest underground water reserve), supplies 1/3 of all irrigation groundwater, heavy depleted due to immense agriculture withdrawals. No longer being replenished by precipitation.

Understand the basic process and structure of a modern sanitary landfill

Legislative acts related to MSW o 1990 - Pollution prevention act Prioritize source reduction (waste prevention) over waste treatment.disposal Waste spread and compacted then covered with 6" of soil and recompacted (layer applied to prevent blow away) 2' soil lay applied over full capacity landfill, land then reused for recreation: golf courses Cross sectional o Daily cover: no landfill refuse is left exposed overnight; at the end of each day, it is compacted with at least 6" of soil o Refuse cell: compacted garbage surrounded by soil from daily cover o Leachate collection: perforated pipes in a layer of sand collect rainwater that has filtered through the landfill (leachate) o Plastic liner: prevents soil and water contamination o Clay barrier: prevents soil and water contamination Can also have methane gas recovery well which can be collected and utilized for fuel

Understand the basic concepts of chemical properties and their implications to the fate of the chemical (week 1)

Lighter = more volatile, more affinity for air Heavier = more lipophilic, affinity for fats or sediment

Understand the basics of the electromagnetic spectrum: relationship between frequency, wavelength, and particle / wave energy

Longer wavelength (less energy) Lower frequency Shorter wavelength (more energy) Higher energy Frequency (Hz) - the number of waves cresting at a given point in 1 second Frequency and wavelength are inversely correlated

Different Types of Vectors Mechanical Vector

Mechanical Vector: Living organisms but not a host Housefly

Identify and describe the health effects of other agents that are not chemical

Mechanical hazards: o Chronic exposures to repetitive work o Carpal tunnel, tendinitis Noise: o Any unwanted sound o Hearing loss: cochlea lay down o Logarithmic increase 10dB to 20 dB: 10x louder o Volume threshold, threshold shift, tinnitus o OSHA 85 dBA (time weighted 8 hour average) o Stress, safety Light at night o Shift work o Cancer, metabolic changes o Stress o Breast cancer o Low vitamin D, low melatonin production Fibers and dust o Cotton: Byssinosis "brown lung" o Asbestos: mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis

Understand the Clean Air Act (CAA)'s scope of legislation and classes of pollutants regulated NAAQS

NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Health based limits on concentrations in ambient air for 6 common pollutants called CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS CO NO2 SO2 PM10 PM2.5 Lead Ozone Toxic pollutants (harmful air pollutants - HAPs) - released into the air each year from natural and manmade sources. Less common and NOT ubiquitous, but are more toxic & have more direct health effects • Released by mobile sources (50%), routine power plant emissions (26%) and other sources (24%) • Examples include - mercury, cadmium, arsenic

REL

NIOSH has recommended exposure limits (REL) Generally lower than PEL

NIOSH

National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health - conducts research -branch of CDC -No regulatory powers -research may affect OSHA standards

Understand how different types of common fossil fuels are extracted and the risks associated with them: Natural Gas

Natural Gas: Hydraulic fracturing (fracking): extracting gas from shale formation ns by injecting mixture of water, sand and other chemicals into well at high pressures; creates small cracks in rock that gas then escapes out of. Risks: - Destructive geological effects - Removal and pollution of large quantities of water - Chemical exposures to humans and animals

Non-Renewable Energy

Non-Renewable Energy: Energy sources that are formed from decayed plants and animals laid down millions of years ago (fossil fuels) which are non-renewable within our lifetimes. Hydrocarbon based.

Non-ionizing Radiation

Non-ionizing Radiation: Less energetic Light, heat, sound UV Microwaves Electromagnetic fields: radio, cell phones

Significance of inversion layers in spatial patterns of air pollution

Normally, hot air is below colder layers of air where pollutants are able to rise with warm air up and out of the city or valley. In inversion situations, warm air from the sun and no wind gets trapped between two layers of cold air which acts as a cap and stops pollutants from escaping into the atmosphere. Instead, the pollution is trapped closest to the ground causing major health effects or death.

OC (organochlorines): CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS heptachlor, chlordane Modern synthetic insecticides

OC (organochlorines) heptachlor, chlordane - chlorinated hydrocarbons - persistent, toxic, can bio accumulate - DDT: 40,000 metric tons used between 1950-1980, down to 1,000 NOW

OC: TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OC: - DDT: neurotoxin, stress ecosystem, silent spring Bio accumulates up the food chain

OP: TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OP Examples: - Malathion: most commonly used in the US - Carbamates: considered most toxic insecticide to humans. being phased out, full ban expected in 2018. - neurotoxic -cholinesterase inhibitors - blocks ability of enzyme cholinesterase - breaks down ACh that fires signal from neuron so you can stop a movement/signal pathway. -Acute Exposure: uncoordinated muscle movements respiratory paralysis, seizures, loss of consciousness -Chronic exposure: numbness, loss of sensory abilities, weakness, irreversible - Chemical weapon: sarin - Children drawing

OP (Organophosphates): CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS cholinesterase inhibitors Modern synthetic insecticides

OP (organophosphates) cholinesterase inhibitors - not persistent, degrade fast - originally developed ad Sarin nerve gas for chemical warfare in WWII

OSHA

Occupational Safety & Health Administration General Duty Clause -requires most employers to provide workplace "free of recognized hazards" -promotes & enforces work place standards -employer must first attempt to meet an exposure standard by modifying the work environment (ex. ventilation) - PPE often goes unused b/c it's uncomfortable, bulky, hot, etc. - employers must provide PPE, training/info on chemical hazards (sds)

Understand how different types of common fossil fuels are extracted and the risks associated with them: OIL

Oil: Oil spills: Exxon Valdeez, deep water horizon Inhalation exposure to petroleum byproducts

Active Immunity

Once body's defense are effective against pathogens - lifetime immunity (chx pox)

Describe how detrimental phenomena caused by air pollution (e.g. acid rain, photochemical smog, etc.) are formed: Ozone (O3)

Ozone (O3): Photochemical oxidant - Product of reaction of NO2 and VOCs while in presence of sunlight - Main component of photochemical smog - Pollutants bake together in sun and form O3 - Ozone main component of smog - Also formed by O2 and NO: sun breaks up NO leaving O which attaches to O2=3 Smog health effect include: Burning eyes/throat Irritate mucous membranes Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing Asthma attacks, chest pain when inhaling, increased risk of respiratory diseases (pulmonary inflammation) Increased risk for heart attacks US Ozone emission limits have been decreasing 1997-2008 - 84 ppb 2008-present - 75 ppb New EPA proposal - 60-70 ppb

PEL (in occupational Hygiene)

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) -For air contaminants OSHA established PEL: the allowable concentration of a specific chemical in workplace air -8 hr work day time weighted average: PEL-TWA -15 min short term exposure limit: PEL-STEL -Ceiling (peak) exposure limit: PEL-C - Limit may not exceed any time during work day -Must comply with all 3 to be OSHA compliant (TWA, STEL and C)

Short Comings of Pesticide Use

Pesticide resistance - city rats no longer respond to warfarin - over 500 insect species now resistant to common pesticides Killing of non-target organisms - Impact on surrounding ecosystem - Resurgence of target pests - Secondary pest outbreaks - non pests become pests due to elimination of natural enemies Colony collapse disorder: Bee decline Pesticide Drift: - Fate and transport - starts by application onto fields - point source contamination: seepage, leaching, drainage - Diffusion contamination: crop run off & land run off (both can drain into water sources), evaporation - Spray drift can spread to sensitive crops or to nearby populated areas, causing possible health concerns.

Pests

Pests: detrimental to human and human concerns Can destroy property & crops/lower yield (insects, microbes, weeds, rodents, fungi, etc) Ex: locusts compete with humans for resources

Describe the main processes of wastewater treatment and the purposes of each process Primary

Primary Sewage Treatment o Mechanical o First step o Water goes through Bar screen Grinder Grit chamber Primary clarifier o Purpose: to remove large debris, sludge, grit, scum out o Higher pollution potential

Pyrenthroids: TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Pyrenthroids: synthetic chemicals - Breaks down in sunlight in 1-2 days - low concentration in household products - used in community-wide mosquito sprays - low ingestion and inhalalation toxicity - Raid, flea guard for pets - paralyzes and kills flying insects - High exposure: - nausea, headache, dizziness, neurologic symptoms

Pyrethrins (pyrethroids): CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Modern synthetic insecticides

Pyrethrins (pyrethroids) -mimic flowers: pyrethrum - derivative of chrysanthemum flowers - permethrin, resmethrin - not persistent, breaks down in 1-2 days in sunlight

Calculate the effective dose using RBE factors and absorbed doses when provided with the necessary information

RBE: relative biological effectiveness • Sv: unit of effective dose (Sv=Gy*RBE) • Gy=unit of absorbed dose Rule of thumb - RBE of alpha about 10x that of gamma - Beta about 5x of gamma

RCRA

Resource Conservation & Recovery Act - defined hazardous waste = any waste that is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, chemically unstable or toxic as defined by a specific criteria. - created 2-tier system for determining whether a waste product is subject to hazardous waste management regulation. - toxic, ignitable, corrosive, reactive (explosive), not radioactive. - requires "cradle to grave" tracking of hazardous waste - point of generation - transportation - treatment - storage - disposal = performance requirements for landfills, permits for hazardous waste landfills

Rotenone: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Modern synthetic insecticides

Rotenone - extracted from the roots and stems of certain woody shrubs and vines.

Describe the main processes of wastewater treatment and the purposes of each process Secondary

Secondary o Biological treatment Activated Sludge treatment • From primary clarifier, resting stage in secondary, treated effluent from tertiary • From primary, secondary=thickening =stabilizing=dewatering and drying o Centrifuge/coagulants, anaerobic digestion, pelletizing optional • Turns into organic waste rich in nutrients; most used as fertilizer • Can have pathogens, metals, organic chemicals present o Tracking filters: bed of crushed stone covered with microbial slime o Activated sludge process incorporates bacteria-laden sludge and air o Doesn't remove viruses, metals, dissolved minerals or nutrients

Describe the main processes of drinking water purification and the purposes of each process

Sedimentation: suspended materials settle Coagulation: smaller suspended particles aggregate and precipitate Filtration: further removes solids including bacteria and protozoa Disinfection: Cl, O3, Br, I, UV to kill pathogens

Point Source: Direct Discharge

Single source - defined location Sewage Treatment Plants - pipes draining into river - storm sewer outfall - industrial discharge - effluent enters at a defined location, can be collected & treated.

Tertiary

Tertiary o Combination of biological, physical and chemical processes designed to remove nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, and organic chemicals o Reduces SS and BOD to 1% found in raw sewage o Chlorine disinfection

Pathogen

The infectious agent that after established in the host organism causes a specific disease in the host.

Understand the relationship between organismal complexity and radiation sensitivity

The more complex the organism, the more sensitive it is to radiation

Understand the concept of water footprint

The water footprint of a country is the volume of water needed for the production of goods or services consumed by the inhabitants of the country The amount of freshwater utilized in the production or supply of the goods or services of a person or group. Used to promote sustainable practices since water is finite resource with slow fixed renewal rate US has highest water footprint

Identify common potentially hazardous agents in the built environment

Tobacco smoke, VOCs, PBDEs: flame retardants, furniture Formaldehyde: used in production of wood products: carcinogenic—nasopharyngeal cancer

TSCA

Toxic Substance Control Act -mandatory requirement for EPA to evaluate existing chemicals with clear & enforceable deadlines of when info must be provided. - new risk-based safety standards (implements precautionary approach) - increased public transportation = requires disclosure of info about chemicals and their effects - consistent source of funding for EPA to carry out the responsibility under the new law. - tiered approach to evaluate chemicals 1. prioritizations 2. Risk evaluation 3. Risk management -2009 EPA announced new principles for managing toxic substances - more precautionary & transparent - manufactures must demonstrate safety of chemicals

Municipal solid waste

Trash, garbage, rubbish Items discarded by the public

Identify types and incidence of UV exposure and skin cancer (non-ionizing)

UVA: longer wavelengths penetrate the skin deeper and interact with melanin, turn skin brown - 95% of UV energy reaching the earth is UVA UVB: stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin, which is absorbed by the cells in the basal layer - 5% of UV energy reaching the earth is UVB UVC: Shortest wavelength, is completely absorbed by the ozone layer, molecular oxygen, and water vapor Skin cancer: too much sun = UVA exposure = disrupts melanocytes damages/disrupts DNA = causes mutation to which results in the formation abnormal cell growth in the affected melanocyte (lowest base layer of skin) and this cell grows into melanoma. Cell proliferation is typically sped up in cancers, melanoma is not as common as other types of skin cancer, but it is one of the most aggressive/fast growing cancers

Understand different types of air pollution sources and able to provide examples

Understand different types of air pollution sources and able to provide examples. Natural: - Forest fires - Dust storms - Volcanic eruptions Anthropogenic: - Stationary (point/area): oil refineries, incinerators - Transportation: cars, trains, airplane, ships

Understand the uneven spatial distribution of uranium mines and tailings versus nuclear energy generation in the US

Uranium mostly in western US, few in Texas, one on east coast - Reason: most uranium deposits Nuclear: huge concentration on east coast, few on west coast - Reason:

Passive Immunity

Vaccination -host acquires immunity by being exposed to small attenuated viruses (can cause disease) Goals of IZ - keep individuals from getting sick & keep person from making others sick

Vectorborne

Vectorborne: Transmission of pathogen involves more than one host: usually athropods/rodents - mosquitos/ticks

X-rays

X-rays - less penetrable - greater absorption in larger atoms - Ca atoms in bones vs atoms in soft tissue

Define Various Types of Pesticides

insecticides herbicides fungicides rodenticides nematicides

Identify common exposure routes to these agents in the built environment

• Inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion