Week 10 Study Guide
When is the critical period for central nervous system development? Considering your first answer, explain why women who are trying to become pregnant are encouraged to take a folic acid supplement even before they become pregnant.
1. Week 3 through the duration of the pregnancy. 2. Most women don't even know they are pregnant until several weeks after conception. That means that by the time a woman realizes she's pregnant there may already be irrevocable damage done. This is why women who are trying to become pregnant or who are not actively practicing birth control methods are strongly urged to take steps to safeguard their future child's health.
What is failure-to-thrive?
A condition that is characterized by inadequate growth or weight gain due to any cause.
What is preclampsia? What are some of the signs and symptoms of preclampsia?
A possible complication of pregnancy marked by elevated blood pressure and high levels of protein in the urine and is associated with swelling.
A typical serving size for a toddler should be about _____________ the serving size for an adult.
A toddler's serving sizes should be approximately one-quarter that of an adult's. One way to estimate serving sizes for young children is one tablespoon for each year of life. For example, a two-year-old child would be served 2 tablespoons of fruits or vegetables at a meal, while a four-year-old would be given 4 tablespoons, or a quarter cup.
What is gestational diabetes?
Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. The body becomes resistant to the hormone insulin, which enables cells to transport glucose from the blood.
Explain the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother.
Breastfeeding can also save families money because it does not incur the same cost as purchasing formula. Other benefits include that breast milk is always ready. It does not have to be mixed, heated, or prepared. Also, breast milk is sterile and is always at the right temperature. In addition, the skin-to-skin contact of breastfeeding promotes a close bond between mother and baby, which is an important emotional and psychological benefit. The practice also provides health benefits for the mother. Breastfeeding helps a woman's bones stay strong, which protects against fractures later in life. Studies have also shown that breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast and ovarian can
Explain the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant.
Breastfeeding provides the fuel a newborn needs for rapid growth and development. It also helps to protect newborns from disease. In addition, breast milk is rich in cholesterol, which is needed for brain development. Boosts the baby's immune system and lowers the incidence of diarrhea, along with respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal problems, and ear infections. Breastfed babies also are less likely to develop asthma and allergies, and breastfeeding lowers the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. In
What supplements are recommended for breast-fed infants?
Calcium requirements do not change during breastfeeding because of more efficient absorption, which is the case during pregnancy, too. However, the reasons for this differ. During pregnancy, there is enhanced absorption of calcium within the gastrointestinal tract. During lactation, there is enhanced retention of calcium by the kidneys. The RDA for phosphorus, fluoride, and molybdenum also remains the same.
What is listeriosis, and why is it of particular concern to pregnant women?
Can cause spontaneous abortion and fetal or newborn meningitis.
Explain why a pregnant woman's intake for each of the following nutrients increases: Carbohydrates, protein, water, omega fatty acids, folate, vitamin B12, iron, zinc.
Carbohydrates: Fuels fetal brain development. These foods also help to build the placenta and supply energy for the growth of the unborn baby. Protein: Extra protein is needed for the synthesis of new maternal and fetal tissues. Protein builds muscle and other tissues, enzymes, antibodies, and hormones in both the mother and the unborn baby. Additional protein also supports increased blood volume and the production of amniotic fluid. Water: Provides enough fluid for blood production. It is also important to drink liquids during physical activity or when it is hot and humid outside, to replace fluids lost to perspiration. The combination of a high-fiber diet and lots of liquids also helps to eliminate waste. Fatty acids: Support the baby's brain and eye development. In particular, the brain depends on omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for function, structure, and growth. Fats can also help the placenta grow and may help to prevent premature birth and low birth weight. Folate: Needs increase during pregnancy to 600 micrograms per day to prevent neural tube defects. This micronutrient is crucial for fetal development because it helps produce the extra blood a woman's body requires during pregnancy. Vitamin B12: Needed for the synthesis of red blood cells and DNA. Iron: Extra iron intake is important because of the increase in blood supply during pregnancy and to support the fetus and placenta. Zinc: Crucial for cell development and protein synthesis.
What is colostrum?
Colostrum is produced immediately after birth, prior to the start of milk production, and lasts for several days after the arrival of the baby. Colostrum is thicker than breast milk, and is yellowish or creamy in color. This protein-rich liquid fulfills an infant's nutrient needs during those early days. Although low in volume, colostrum is packed with concentrated nutrition for newborns. This special milk is high in fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and immunoglobulins (antibodies) that pass from the mother to the baby. Immunoglobulins provide passive immunity for the newborn and protect the baby from bacterial and viral diseases
Explain why drinking alcohol is not recommended during pregnancy.
Consumption of alcoholic beverages results in a range of abnormalities that fall under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. They include learning and attention deficits, heart defects, and abnormal facial features. Alcohol enters the unborn baby via the umbilical cord and can slow fetal growth, damage the brain, or even result in miscarriage. The effects of alcohol are most severe in the first trimester, when the organs are developing.
Briefly explain what a critical period in development is
Each organ system must begin developing at a particular time period or it will never develop properly. This time period in which development must occur is called a critical period
Describe how the nutritional needs of an infant compare to those of an adult. (Consider in particular: energy needs, protein, fat.)
Energy needs relative to size are much greater in an infant than an adult. A baby's resting metabolic rate is two times that of an adult.
What negative health outcomes are associated with gestational diabetes?
Extreme hunger, thirst, or fatigue. If blood sugar levels are not properly monitored and treated, the baby might gain too much weight and require a cesarean delivery.
True/False: If you are "eating for two" you should double your recommended calorie intake. Explain your answer.
False. During the first trimester, a pregnant woman has the same energy requirements as normal and should consume the same number of calories as usual—about 1,800 calories for a woman living a sedentary lifestyle, about 2,000 calories for a woman who is moderately active, and about 2,200 for a woman who is active. However, as the pregnancy progresses, a woman must increase her caloric intake. According to the IOM, she should consume an additional 340 calories per day during the second trimester, and an additional 450 calories per day during the third trimester.
Explain why preeclampsia is dangerous to both mother and baby.
Hypertension can prevent the placenta from getting enough blood, which would result in the baby getting less oxygen and nutrients.
Explain why it is not recommended that a mother try to lose weight during pregnancy.
If a pregnant woman does not gain enough weight, her unborn baby will be at risk. Poor weight gain, especially in the third trimester, could result not only in low birth weight, but also infant mortality and intellectual disabilities.
What negative health outcomes (for both mother and baby) are associated with an underweight mother?
If a pregnant woman does not gain enough weight, her unborn baby will be at risk. Poor weight gain, especially in the third trimester, could result not only in low birth weight, but also infant mortality and intellectual disabilities.
Describe a simple feeding strategy for infants that will allow detection of food allergies.
If there is a family history of food allergies, it is a good idea to delay giving a child dairy products until one year of age, eggs until two years of age, and shellfish, fish, and nuts until three years of age.
It is important for a pregnant mother to get an adequate amount of omega fatty acids. Fish are a good source of these molecules. However, pregnant women need to be cautious about the amount and types of fish they eat. Explain why.
Mercury, and foodborne illness.
A pregnant woman's energy needs [increase/decrease/stay the same].
Pregnant women must consume more calories and nutrients in the second and third trimesters than other adult women. However, the average recommended daily caloric intake can vary depending on activity level and the mother's normal weight.
A healthy weight mother should gain ______________________ pounds during a single birth pregnancy. Underweight mothers should gain [more/less]. Overweight mothers should gain [more/less] weight than healthy weight mothers.
Pregnant women of normal weight should gain between 25 and 35 pounds in total through the entire pregnancy. Underweight mothers should gain more. Overweight mothers should gain less.
What negative health outcomes (for both mother and baby) are associated with anoverweight mother?
Pregnant women with a prepregnancy BMI above thirty have an increased risk of the need for a cesarean section during delivery.
Explain what is happening in the infant and in the child that causes its energy needs to be higher, per pound, than those of an adult?
Requirements for macronutrients and micronutrients on a per-kilogram basis are higher during infancy than at any other stage in the human life cycle. These needs are affected by the rapid cell division that occurs during growth, which requires energy and protein, along with the nutrients that are involved in DNA synthesis.
List the reasons why the mother puts on weight during pregnancy. (In other words, where does the weight go?)
Some of the new weight is due to the growth of the fetus, while some is due to changes in the mother's body that support the pregnancy.
What vitamin and mineral supplements are recommended for toddlers?
These needs for vitamins and minerals can be met with a balanced diet, with a few exceptions. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, toddlers and children of all ages need 600 international units of vitamin D per day. Vitamin Dfortified milk and cereals can help to meet this need. However, toddlers who do not get enough of this micronutrient should receive a supplement. Pediatricians may also prescribe a fluoride supplement for toddlers who live in areas with fluoride-poor water. Iron deficiency is also a major concern for children between the ages of two and three.
True/False: The same basic principles of a healthy diet apply to children as well as to adults.
True
Describe a normal, healthy pattern of weight gain during pregnancy.
Weight gain often breaks down in the following manner: 6 to 8 pounds of fetus, 1 to 2 pounds for the placenta, 2 to 3 pounds for the amniotic sac, 1 to 2 pounds in the breasts, 1 to 2 pounds in the uterus, 3 to 4 pounds of maternal blood, 3 to 4 pounds maternal fluids, and 8 to 10 pounds of extra maternal fat stores that will be needed for breastfeeding and delivery.
