Ciccarelli Psychology, Chapter 6 Study Plan

Eidetic imagery

does not guarantee comprehension.

Little Georgie is learning the alphabet. When he recites the alphabet he says "A, B, C, D, W, X, Y, Z." This is an example of

serial position effect.

The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia

were able to form new declarative memories.

Elizabeth Loftus' research determined that

what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.

Explicit memory begins to form after about age 2,

when the hippocampus is more fully developed.

Research on _______ has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders, autism, and intelligence.

working memory

______ "fools" the STM into holding more information than is usual.

Chunking

_________ allows a musician to tune a musical instrument.

Echoic memory

Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?

Emotional reactions seem to stimulate the release of hormones that have been shown to enhance the formation of long-term memories.

________ syndrome refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

False memory

Which of the following best describes psychologist John Kihlstrom's comments when talking about Bartlett's book on memory?

Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.

In one study with depressed patients who were being treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients were tested for their memory of certain television programs both before and after the treatment. What was the result?

Patients forgot more recent programs but remembered older ones.

_________ is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Selective attention

________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

Semantic

What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

Stop trying to remember the information you are trying to retrieve.

In a study discussed in the textbook that researched the effects of different types of information on memory, subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?

Subjects who were given misleading information after viewing the slides were far less accurate in their memories for the kind of sign present than were subjects who were given no such information.

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of

a false positive.

In interpreting Bartlett's book, Kihlstrom says that memory is

a problem-solving activity.

In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after ________, old information is replaced by new information.

a quarter of a second

Amnesia can be brought about by

alcoholism.

Psychologists consider memory to be

an active system.

Procedural memories

are not easily retrieved into conscious awareness.

A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images

are often unable to later distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.

The best way to remember the name of a person you meet at a party is to

associate the name with something about the person's appearance.

Helena lives on a very busy street in New York City. Although she makes no effort to remember how many times cars have passed down her street, when asked, she usually responds "often," or "a lot." Her ability to unconsciously notice how many cars pass down her street is a result of

automatic encoding.

The information-processing model can be linked to

cognitive psychology.

The information in short-term memory is

conscious.

The removal of H. M.'s hippocampi made ______ impossible.

consolidation

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

consolidation.

Ebbinghaus's ________ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour after learning the lists, and then tapers off gradually.

curve of forgetting

Memory for facts is called ________ memory because facts are things that are known and can be stated outright.

declarative

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _______ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

deeply processed

The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

disuse

The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using

elaborative rehearsal.

Brenda called Mike while he was in the middle of the meeting to ask him to pick up some milk on his way home from work. When Mike got home he didn't have the milk, and Brenda was angry. Mike may have experienced

encoding failure.

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called

encoding.

After his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal life history. He was suffering from a loss of ________ memory.

episodic

Memories of childhood events, special birthdays or anniversaries, and things that happened to an individual on any given day are called

episodic memories.

Long-term memory

has unlimited capacity.

Marcos and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over, Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would win the game. Marcos' belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of

hindsight bias.

The _______ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

hippocampus

Early memories before the age of 2 years tend to be implicit, which may explain

infantile amnesia.

In their original study, which explored how information is stored in long-term memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) asked participants to respond "true" or "false" as quickly as possible to sentences such as "a canary is a bird" and "a canary is an animal." The results of this study suggest that

information exists in a kind of network, with nodes of related information linked to each other in a kind of hierarchy.

Loftus and other researchers have demonstrated that memory

is a process that constantly changes.

To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?

levels-of-processing

The fact that everyone remembers that George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of

long-term memory storage.

On the way to the grocery store, James repeats his list to himself—"Bread, milk, butter. Bread, milk butter...." James is using

maintenance rehearsal.

A(n) ________ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

mnemonist

Mr. S. was a performing ______, showcasing his extraordinary memory ability.

mnemonist

The ______ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

parallel distributed processing model

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the

parallel distributed processing model.

If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing

proactive interference.

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

proactive interference.

To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

recognition.

Memories are more easily accessed when they are stored with more

retrieval cues.

Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing

senile dementia.

In the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ______ memory.

sensory

The ________ effect suggests that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.

serial position

The system of working memory processes the information in

short-term memory.

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

the "cocktail-party effect."

The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model focuses on

the connections and timing of memory processes.

Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates

the importance of retrieval cues in memory.

"Deep processing" is associated with

the levels-of-processing model.

On the Internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.

An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of

the misinformation effect.

The information-processing model of memory suggests that

the process of memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

The storage time of a memory depends upon

the system of memory being used.

All models of memory involve the same _______ processes.

three