Circulation and Gas Exchange
9) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have
A closed circulatory system
2) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have
A closed circulatory system.
22) Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange
Across the membranes of their cells.
33) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the
Activation of prothrombin to thrombin.
18) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by
Adecrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
27) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the
Alveoli
_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up
An increase ... a drop
5) Circulatory systems in molluscs
Are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs
35) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are
B) Erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.
23) An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it
Blocks the openings into the tracheal system.
41) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the
Blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.
21) Hemoglobin and hemocyanin
Both transport oxygen.
Breathing is usually regulated by
CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors
30) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize
Diffusion
36) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased
Epinephrine
40) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is
Four months.
46) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?
Giraffe
49) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is
The capillaries.
29) Countercurrent exchange is evident in
The flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.
50) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is
The veins.
19) As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the
Tidal volume.
54) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through
Two capillary beds.
51) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with
Vasodilation
55) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit
28) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because
Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.
47) The blood pressure is lowest in the
capillaries.
45) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be
hippopotamus
12) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is
the interstitial fluid..
4) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the
Fishes
43) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then
Fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues
3) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
Frogs
14) Pulse is a direct measure of
Heart rate.
37) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin
I and III only
How are gases transported in insect bodies
In tracheal systems
8) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with
Increased activity of the immune system
13) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
Left atrium
38) The plasma proteins in humans
Maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.
20) An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to
Myoglobin.
34) Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because
Nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.
42) Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is
Platelets and erythrocytes.
48) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart
Prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
15) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
Rising CO2
39) Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is
Stressed and secreting stress hormones
26) The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is
Swallowing
52) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
Systole of the left ventricle
44) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?
The accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
25) Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in
The medulla oblongata and the pons.
16) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is
The number of circuits for circulation.
17) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because
The rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume
53) After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because
The stroke volume has increased.
7) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause
a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
31) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by
erythropoietin
32) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is
fibrin
Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur
ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
24) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant.
6) The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to
the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber.
1) Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells
An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that
water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized