Circulation and Gas Exchange

9) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

A closed circulatory system

2) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

A closed circulatory system.

22) Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange

Across the membranes of their cells.

33) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the

Activation of prothrombin to thrombin.

18) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

Adecrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

27) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

Alveoli

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up

An increase ... a drop

5) Circulatory systems in molluscs

Are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs

35) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

B) Erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.

23) An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it

Blocks the openings into the tracheal system.

41) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

Blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.

21) Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

Both transport oxygen.

Breathing is usually regulated by

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors

30) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

Diffusion

36) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

Epinephrine

40) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

Four months.

46) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Giraffe

49) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

The capillaries.

29) Countercurrent exchange is evident in

The flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.

50) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

The veins.

19) As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the

Tidal volume.

54) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Two capillary beds.

51) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with

Vasodilation

55) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit

28) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

47) The blood pressure is lowest in the

capillaries.

45) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

hippopotamus

12) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

the interstitial fluid..

4) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

Fishes

43) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

Fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues

3) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Frogs

14) Pulse is a direct measure of

Heart rate.

37) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin

I and III only

How are gases transported in insect bodies

In tracheal systems

8) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

Increased activity of the immune system

13) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Left atrium

38) The plasma proteins in humans

Maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

20) An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

Myoglobin.

34) Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

Nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

42) Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

Platelets and erythrocytes.

48) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

Prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

15) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Rising CO2

39) Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Stressed and secreting stress hormones

26) The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is

Swallowing

52) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Systole of the left ventricle

44) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

The accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

25) Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

The medulla oblongata and the pons.

16) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

The number of circuits for circulation.

17) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

The rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume

53) After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because

The stroke volume has increased.

7) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.

31) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

erythropoietin

32) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

fibrin

Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur

ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination

24) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant.

6) The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber.

1) Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that

water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized