CIS Political Science Review

Dual federalism is the practice of

Allowing the states and the federal government to exercise power separately in areas of legitimate concern to them

Compare and Contrast Liberals and Conservatives

Compare: - Both are willing to use the Government to get what they want. - Both have reasonable views on what they want. Contrast: - Liberals favor Government activities that promote equality as affirmative action programs to employ minorities and increased spending on public housing. - Conservatives oppose Government activities that promote equality as affirmative action programs to employ minorities and increased spending on public housing. - Liberals oppose Government actions that restrict individual liberties, such as banning sexually explicit movies or mandatory testing for AIDS. - Conservatives favor Government actions that restrict individual liberties, such as banning sexually explicit movies or mandatory testing for AIDS. - American Liberals are willing to use government to promote equality but not order. - American Conservatives are willing to use government to promote order but not equality. - Conservatives hate change. - Liberals love change. - Conservatives want less Government. - Liberals want more Government. - Conservatives are against gun control. - Liberals are not against gun control.

A power not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) ____ power

Implied

Compared with equality of outcome, equality of opportunity requires a comparatively ____ level of government activity

Low

Globalization can be seen as a threat to

National Sovereignty

An example of a totalitarian government is the government of

Nazi Germany

Western Europe's experience with democratic socialism demonstrates that

Socialism can be practiced along with personal freedoms and democratic participation

A person who favors government ownership of some basic industries and a strong government role in directing the economy would best be labeled a

Socialist

The American system allows for the will of the majority to be blocked by

The Constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court

Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?

The government should do what a majority of the public wants

The single most important factor leading to the Constitutional Convention was

The inability of the national or state governments to maintain order under the Articles

The effect of national emergencies and judicial interpretations on federalism has been to

To increase the power of the National Government

Federalism, or the division of power between a national government and regional units, stands in contrast to

Unitary Government

When a distribution of opinion is sharply divided over such issues as homosexuality or health care, there is great potential for political conflict. This type of distribution is known as

Bimodal distribution with the modes at each end of the possible range of opinion

In a totalitarian regime, there is a general desire for the government to control

Business, Labor, Education, and Religion

What kind of grant-in-aid allows the recipient of the grant the least discretion in determining how to spend the money?

Categorial Grant

A confederation can best be described as

A loose association of independent states

The U.S. Constitution, written in 1787 for an agricultural society currently guides the political life of

A massive urban society in the post nuclear age

According to the first national census, in 1790, about ____ percent of the American population lived in slavery

18

Which amendment do the authors categorize as "disastrous"? It is the only one to be repealled

18th

There are about ____ politically sovereign nation-states in the world today

195

Survey methodology did not become a powerful research tool until the

1950s

Today, the mass media conduct most polls by

Telephone - Mobile Phone

Why do most democracies give power to representatives rather than directly to citizens?

- Bringing large numbers of citizens together for discussions and votes is difficult - Decisions may require specialized knowledge not possessed by the average citizen - Discussion of political issues takes more time than most people are willing to spend

Describe three factors that can affect the accuracy of a sample used in a public opinion poll

- How the sample is selected - The size of the sample - The amount of variation in the population

Discuss the three major purposes of government and explain each one

- Maintain Order: Police force, making laws, etc - Provide Public Goods: Education, highways, etc - Provide Security and Defense: "Establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity."

The Gallup Poll and most other national polls usually survey about ____ people in a poll

1,000

Congressional redistricting occurs once every ____ years

10

The ____ amendment lowers the voting age to eighteen

26th

Including the Bill of Rights, the following number of amendments have been added to the Constitution

27

Based on 2007 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the United States is home to as many as ____ local governments of different sorts

89,000

Before it could take effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by the following number of states

9

When plotted on a graph, data on public opinion regarding whether homosexuals should be allowed to adopt children is the following

A Bimodal Distribution

Which metaphor best describes dual federalism?

A Layer Cake

Which metaphor best describes cooperative federalism?

A Marble Cake

The assignment in the Constitution of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as:

A Separation of Powers

One interesting feature of the U.S. Constitution is that it is

A comprehensive document of only 4300 words

A key component of the Virginia Plan was

A strong national legislature

According to pluralist theory, group struggle is democratic if

All groups are allowed to participate

Capitalism is best described as a(n)

An economic system in which production and property are privately owned, with a minimum of government interference

In the United States, the political positions argued in most public debates

Are primarily in the center of the government action continuum

The pluralist model of democracy contrasts with the majoritarian model on the role of public opinion because the pluralist model

Asks government to take into account the opinions of minorities

In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote

Both Order and Equality over Freedom

Children are likely to adopt their parents' party identification when

Both parents strongly identify with the same party

Under separation of powers, the U.S. system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of

Checks and Balances

What constitutional crisis emerged from Shays's Rebellion?

Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, lacked the power to confront significant national emergencies

Political socialization

Continues throughout life

Describe the difference between Conventional and Unconventional Participation. Give three examples of each one.

Conventional Participation: Relatively routine behavior that uses institutional channels that is acceptable to the dominant culture - Voting - Writing letters to the editor - E-mailing elected officials - Blogging - Working for a campaign - Discuss politics w/ others - Participate - Forums, Polls, Petitions, Town Meetings Unconventional Participation: Relatively uncommon political behavior that challenges or defies established institutions and dominant norms Non-Violent - Sit-Ins - Boycotts - Strikes - Marches - Protests Violent - Assassinations - Intimidations - Murder (Abortion) - Property Destruction - Terrorism (9/11)

Congress exercises a potential check on the judicial branch through its constitutional power to

Create or eliminate lower federal courts

Which of the following might very well explain the durability of any given constitution?

Creation by an open participatory process, Specifically, Flexibility through amendment, and Flexibility through interpretation

The lengthy recession which began in 2008 has led to high unemployment, lower property values, and fewer property sales resulting in a loss in tax revenue for state governments. Since state budgets must balance each year, states are left with the following choices

Cut Services, Borrow Money, and Raise Taxes

A sign that pluralist democracy might not be working well in the United States is the

Declining participation of citizens in civic groups like the PTA

The names of more than 20 percent of the world's political parties contain some variation of the word

Democracy

Who is likely to oppose the death penalty?

Democrats, African Americans, and Liberals

Federalism is able to unify diverse groups of people because it

Does not require citizens to be ruled by majorities from different regions and with different interest

Social order is usually defined as

Established patterns of authority and traditional modes of behavior

Someone who believes that the elastic clause of the Constitution should be narrowly interpreted is most likely to endorse the concept of____ federalism

Dual

The text suggests that there are ____ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization

Economic

Examples of public goods are

Education, Sanitation, and Highways

The ____ amendment protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

Eighth

A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as a(n) ____ clause

Elastic

The "necessary and proper" clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is an example of a(n) "____ clause."

Elastic

A referendum is best described as a(n)

Election on a policy issue

The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics is called

Elite Theory

The Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) was intended to prohibit discrimination in

Employment, Public Services, and Accommodations

The vast majority of recent preemptions have focused on

Environmental Protection and Homeland Security

When one person has the same chance to succeed in life as another, this is called

Equality of Opportunity

If all citizens in a society are given access to higher education, but a particular social class experiences a high dropout and failure rate, that society is failing to provide

Equality of Outcome

Liberals

Favor the use of government to foster equality

The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators

Follow the general contours of public opinion

Government efforts to meet the AIDS crisis raise a conflict between

Freedom and Order

The struggle to devise a new constitution at the Constitutional Convention represented an attempt to find an appropriate balance between (people still wanted a bill of rights for this reason)

Freedom and Order

Compared with a high school graduate, a person with a Ph.D. in economics would tend to support

Freedom over Order

The "unalienable rights" identified by the Declaration of Independence are

Freedom, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

What does democracy mean?

Government by the people

Explain the Theory of Democratic Government and then cite three examples.

Government depends upon the consent of the governed - Pluralist Theory: A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies - Bureaucratic Theory: The hierarchical structure and standardized procedures of govt allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy; proposed by Max Weber - Elite Theory: A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

The three-fifths formula that was used in regard to representation in the House

Had been used in 1783 under the Articles to allocate government costs among the states

In 2010, the following accounts for nearly 50% of national government grants to the states

Health Care funding

Although many countries openly advocate "rule by the people," much disagreement remains over

How "the people" is defined, and how those individuals should rule

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson's statement that "all men are created equal" is similar to which theorist's belief that government is based on the "consent of the governed"?

John Locke

The key principle argued in the case Marbury v. Madison was

Judicial Review

The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means

Kratos

A libertarian is likely to believe

Laws should not define the minimum drinking age, marijuana should not be criminalized, helping the needy should be a matter of individual choice, government should not own and control industry

How likely are voters to participate in state and local elections compared with national elections?

Less Likely

The oldest objective of government is

Maintaining Order

Using the state to redistribute income was originally a radical idea set forth by

Marx

Which philosopher's ideas form the basis of Communism?

Marx

All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except

Minority Rights

The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called

Political Socialization

Those who claim that the pluralist model fits the United States better than the elite model point out that

No identifiable elite wins consistently over a broad range of issues

Which of the following statements concerning recall is incorrect?

None of these

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

None of these

Which of the following statements regarding cooperative federalism is incorrect?

None of these

Libertarians are geographically dispersed, but tend to be located in the

Northeast and West

According to elite theory, the United States is actually a(n)

Oligarchy

An autocracy is a political system ruled by

One Individual

In general, libertarianism

Opposes all government action except that which protects life and property

Ethnic and religious rivals are often more interested in achieving a form of government that does the following:

Oppresses their opponents

According to Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, the proper objective of government is to ensure

Order

According to John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the elastic clause might be interpreted to mean that Congress can take a particular action not specified in the Constitution if that action is

Plainly adapted to achieving a legitimate constitutional end

A country abiding by the principle "one man, one vote" is practicing

Political Equality

The set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called

Political Ideology

The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on

Prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive

The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes

Questioning established values

Although the United States is a capitalist country, the government does intervene in the economic arena, primarily through

Regulating Private Businesses

Explain The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and then summarize why Congress passed the law

Relaxed or scrapped limitations on media ownership. Set no national limits for radio ownership and relaxed local limits. Lifted rate regulations for cable systems and allowed cross-ownership of cable and telephone companies. - Attitudes started changing - The competition was thought to be good - Pressure to have better "marketplace ideas" - Regulations violated the 1st Amendment

Which of the following best identifies the basis for state representation in the electoral college?

Resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives

A basic political value taught in elementary school is

Respect for authority

A republic is a government

Resting on the consent of the governed

When sampled, public opinion on tax increases reveals that the public is strongly against tax increases. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

Skewed

The ideological distribution of the public has been ____ in every presidential election since 1964

Skewed toward Conservatism

If a state's drinking laws allowed eighteen-year-olds to drink alcoholic beverages in violation of the federal government's age requirement of twenty-one, the federal government's age restriction would supersede the state's law based upon the

Supremely Clause

For the United States, the core substantive principles of democracy are embedded in

The Bill of Rights and other amendments to the Constitution

Why has power shifted (from the states) to the national government throughout the history of the USA? ( 5 different reasons)

The Framers of the Constitution created a federal system of government for the United States because they wanted to balance the power of the central government with states that would exercise independent influence over most areas of people's lives, outside of national concerns such as defense, coining money, and so forth. Liberty would be protected by requiring the federal government to share power and authority with the states

The shift away from dual federalism and toward cooperative federalism was a response to the problems associated with

The Great Depression

Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from ____ to ____.

The Mass Electorate; Organized Groups

A result of the Second Continental Congress was

The adoption of the Declaration of Independence

Define political socialization and then list at least three political agents of socialization

The complex process by which people acquire their political values - Family - Peer Groups - School

The Great Compromise resolved what issue?

The power of large versus small states

Home Rule is

The right of municipal governments to enact their own legislation in certain administrative areas

The three-fifths compromise left the South with 47% of the House seats, and the overrepresentation resulting from the South's large slave populations translated into greater influence in

The selection of the U.S. President

Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that

The way a pollster words a question can determine the answer

The general conclusion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez was that

There are limits to the national government's ability to regulate behavior based on the commerce clause

One weakness of the substantive model of democracy is that

There is no agreement regarding which policies are democratic

According to the New Jersey Plan, how was representation to be structured in Congress?

There would be one house, and all states would have equal representation in it

People often seem inconsistent in their political beliefs because

They may favor government action to promote one value but not another

Which of the following statements concerning the Constitutional Convention is incorrect?

Thirteen states selected delegates

The Declaration of Independence was based on input from many people, but its primary author was

Thomas Jefferson

The primary goal of Federalist 10 was to demonstrate that the new government

Would not fall under the dominance of any one faction